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Luminescent Cu4I4-Cu3(Pyrazolate)3Coordination Frameworks: Postsynthetic Ligand Substitution Leads to Network Displacement and Entanglement

Zhan SZ, Li M, Zheng J, Wang QJ, Ng SW, Li D

Inorg Chem, 2017 Nov 06;56(21):13446-13455.
PMID: 29023107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02144

Six daughter complexes based on two-dimensional (2-D) luminescent Cu4I4-Cu3Pz3(Pz = pyrazolate) coordination networks, which exhibit an uncommon Cu4I4L3L' (L = pyridine; L' = acetonitrile, pyridine, pyrazine, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, triphenylphosphine, none) local configuration, were prepared through a postsynthetic modification method starting from a parent complex (L' = NH3). This work has successfully implemented the single-site substitution of Cu4I4-based coordination frameworks, which have rarely been reported for isolated Cu4I4-type compounds, by taking advantage of the solvent-assisted ligand substitution strategy recently developed in metal-organic framework (MOF) chemistry. Such a procedure not only resulted in the variation of local geometry in the Cu4I4units but also led to interlayer network displacement and entanglement. Particularly, an interesting topological transformation (from 2-D to 2-D → 3-D interpenetration) occurred when linear bidentate linkers (e.g., pyrazine and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) are inserted between the 2-D layers. Moreover, the variation in the L' sites can effectively tune the emission colors, ranging from green to orange (λemmax540-605 nm at room temperature). The photoluminescence origins are tentatively assigned to be a mixture of3MLCT and3XLCT, different from that of the well-studied isolated Cu4I4-type complexes.

Matched MeSH terms: Citrus sinensis
Development of a probiotic delivery system from agrowastes, soy protein isolate, and microbial transglutaminase

Yew SE, Lim TJ, Lew LC, Bhat R, Mat-Easa A, Liong MT

J Food Sci, 2011 Apr;76(3):H108-15.
PMID: 21535834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02107.x

Probiotic delivery system was developed via the use of microbial transglutaminase (MTG) cross-linked soy protein isolate (SPI) incorporated with agrowastes such as banana peel (BE), banana pulp (BU), and pomelo rind (PR). Inoculums of Lactobacillus bulgaricus FTDC 1511 were added to the cross-linked protein matrix. The incorporation of agrowastes had significantly (P<0.05) reduced the strength, pH value, and the lightness of the SPI gel carriers, while sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles revealed that the occurring cross-links within the SPI gel carriers were attributed to the addition of MTG. Scanning electron microscope micrographs illustrated that SPI carriers containing agrowastes have exhibited a less-dense protein matrix. All the SPI carriers possessed maximum swelling ratio at 4 to 4.5 within 15 min in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), whereas the maximum swelling ratios of SPI/BE, SPI/BU, and SPI/PR were higher compared to that of control in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). Additionally, SPI carriers in SGF medium did not show degradation of structure, whereas a major collapse of network was observed in SIF medium, indicating controlled-release in the intestines. The addition of agrowastes into SPI carriers led to a significantly (P<0.0001) lower release of L. bulgaricus FTDC 1511 in SGF medium and a higher release in SIF medium, compared to that of the control. SPI carriers containing agrowastes may be useful transports for living probiotic cells through the stomach prior to delivery in the lower intestines.

Matched MeSH terms: Citrus/chemistry
Bio-inspired ZnO NPs synthesized from Citrus sinensis peels extract for Congo red removal from textile wastewater via photocatalysis: Optimization, mechanisms, techno-economic analysis

Yashni G, Al-Gheethi A, Radin Mohamed RMS, Dai-Viet NV, Al-Kahtani AA, Al-Sahari M, et al.

Chemosphere, 2021 Oct;281:130661.
PMID: 34029959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130661

Textile industry is one of the most environmental unfriendly industrial processes due to the massive generation of colored wastewater contaminated with dyes and other chemical auxiliaries. These contaminants are known to have undesirable consequences to ecosystem. The present study investigated the best operating parameters for the removal of congo red (CR, as the model for dye wastewater) by orange peels extract biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) via photocatalysis in an aqueous solution. The response surface methodology (RSM) with ZnO NPs loadings (0.05-0.20 g), pH (3.00-11.00), and initial CR concentration (5-20 ppm) were used for the optimization process. The applicability of ZnO NPs in the dye wastewater treatment was evaluated based on the techno-economic analysis (TEA). ZnO NPs exhibited hexagonal wurtzite structure with = C-H, C-O, -C-O-C, CC, O-H as the main functional groups. The maximum degradation of CR was more than 96% with 0.171 g of ZnO NPs, at pH 6.43 and 5 ppm of CR and 90% of the R2 coefficient. The specific cost of ZnO NPs production is USD 20.25 per kg. These findings indicated that the biosynthesized ZnO NPs with orange peels extract provides alternative method for treating dye wastewater.

Matched MeSH terms: Citrus sinensis*
Fulltext Optimization of culture conditions (sucrose, pH, and photoperiod) for in vitro regeneration and early detection of somaclonal variation in ginger lime (Citrus assamensis)

Yaacob JS, Mahmad N, Mat Taha R, Mohamed N, Mad Yussof AI, Saleh A

ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:262710.
PMID: 24977187 DOI: 10.1155/2014/262710

Various explants (stem, leaf, and root) of Citrus assamensis were cultured on MS media supplemented with various combinations and concentrations (0.5-2.0 mg L(-1)) of NAA and BAP. Optimum shoot and root regeneration were obtained from stem cultures supplemented with 1.5 mg L(-1) NAA and 2.0 mg L(-1) BAP, respectively. Explant type affects the success of tissue culture of this species, whereby stem explants were observed to be the most responsive. Addition of 30 gL(-1) sucrose and pH of 5.8 was most optimum for in vitro regeneration of this species. Photoperiod of 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness was most optimum for shoot regeneration, but photoperiod of 24 hours of darkness was beneficial for production of callus. The morphology (macro and micro) and anatomy of in vivo and in vitro/ex vitro Citrus assamensis were also observed to elucidate any irregularities (or somaclonal variation) that may arise due to tissue culture protocols. Several minor micromorphological and anatomical differences were observed, possibly due to stress of tissue culture, but in vitro plantlets are expected to revert back to normal phenotype following full adaptation to the natural environment.

Matched MeSH terms: Citrus/anatomy & histology*; Citrus/physiology*; Citrus/radiation effects
CoS2 engulfed ultra-thin S-doped g-C3N4 and its enhanced electrochemical performance in hybrid asymmetric supercapacitor

Vinoth S, Subramani K, Ong WJ, Sathish M, Pandikumar A

J Colloid Interface Sci, 2021 Feb 15;584:204-215.
PMID: 33069019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.071

This work demonstrates a high-performance hybrid asymmetric supercapacitor (HASC) workable in very high current density of 30 A g-1 with in-situ pyrolytic processed sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride/cobalt disulfide (S-gC3N4/CoS2) materials and bio-derived carbon configuration and achievement of high electrochemical stability of 89% over 100,000 cycles with the coulombic efficiency of 99.6%. In the electrochemical studies, the S-gC3N4/CoS2-II electrode showed a high specific capacity of 180 C g-1 at 1 A g-1 current density in the half-cell configuration. The HASC cell was fabricated using S-gC3N4/CoS2-II material and orange peel derived activated carbon as a positive and negative electrode with a maximum operating cell potential of 1.6 V, respectively. The fabricated HASC delivered a high energy density of 26.7 Wh kg-1 and power density of 19.8 kW kg-1 in aqueous electrolyte. The prominent properties in specific capacity and cycling stability could be attributed to the CoS2 nanoparticles engulfed into the S-gC3N4 framework which provides short transport distance of the ions, strong interfacial interaction, and improving structural stability of the S-gC3N4/CoS2-II materials.

Matched MeSH terms: Citrus sinensis
Fulltext In vitro antimicrobial activity of musk lime, key lime and lemon extracts against food related pathogenic and spoilage bacteria

Velu, S., Abu Bakar, F., Saari, N., Zaman, M.Z., Mahyudin, N.A.

International Food Research Journal, 2014;21(1):379-386.
MyJurnal

The demand for novel antimicrobial agents from natural resources has been increased worldwide for food conservation purpose. In this study antimicrobial activity of musk lime, key lime and lemon were evaluated against various food borne pathogens and spoilage bacteria using disc diffusion test. Type of extraction solvent and concentration level significantly influenced the antibacterial activity of all the extracts. Ethanol extracts of musk lime, key lime and lemon exhibited significant broadest inhibitory activity at 100% concentration level (pure extract) compared to water and juice extracts. 100% ethanol extracts of musk lime (39.7 mm), key lime (26.7 mm) and lemon (32.0 mm) exhibited the largest diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) against Aeromonas veronii. 100% water extracts of musk lime (25.3 mm), key lime juice extract (23.3 mm) and water extracts of lemon (23.7 mm) was most effective against food spoilage bacteria, A. veronii. The prominent results of the antimicrobial activity from lime, key lime and lemon extracts may attribute them as potential natural food preservatives and could be used in pharmaceuticals field.

Matched MeSH terms: Citrus
Citrus hystrix leaf extract attenuated diabetic-cataract in STZ-rats

Umran NSS, Mohamed S, Lau SF, Mohd Ishak NI

J Food Biochem, 2020 08;44(8):e13258.
PMID: 32539198 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13258

Diabetic cataract causes severe vision loss. This study evaluated the effects of hesperidin-standardized Citrus hystrix leaf flavonoids-rich extract (CLE) on diabetic-cataract development. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were orally given 150 and 300 mg CLE/kg body-weight. These were compared with non-treated diabetic or healthy rats as controls, over 8 weeks. The CLE gradually attenuated fasting blood glucose (FBG), biomarkers for inflammation (Tumor necrosis factor alpha TNF-α; prostaglandin E2 PGE2); vascular permeability, (Vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF); and oxidative stress, (malondialdehyde MDA). The diabetic cataract was significantly mitigated by the 150 mg CLE/kg dose. Good correlations were found between cataract incidence with FBG (r2 = 0.90), serum PGE2 (r2 = 0.91), MDA (r2 = 0.99), VEGF (r2 = 0.71), but not with TNF-α levels (r2 = 0.49) suggesting the serum FBG, PGE2, MDA, and possibly the VEGF levels may help to predict the cataract risks. The CLE mitigated cataract probably by attenuating hyperglycaemia, inflammation, lens fluid influx, vascular leakage, lens osmotic-imbalance, and fibers over-hydration. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The study shows the flavonoids-rich Citrus hystrix leaf consumption, effectively attenuated diabetes (fasting blood glucose) and mitigated diabetic cataract. It help reduce diabetes-related hyperglycaemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular leakage. The evidences were the CLE consumptions reduced the serum biomarkers tumor necrosis factor-alpha TNF-α; prostaglandin E2 PGE2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and malondialdehyde (MDA). The C. hystrix leaf contains hesperidin, apiin, diosmin, saponarin, apigetrin, rutin and xanthotoxol, and other flavonoid glucosides. The study also showed good correlations between cataract incidence with fasting blood glucose FBG (r2 = 0.90), serum PGE2 (r2 = 0.91), and MDA (r2 = 0.99), and less closely with VEGF (r2 = 0.71) suggesting these serum biomarkers may help predict cataract risks. The CLE indicated cataract mitigation properties probably by attenuating FBG, inflammation, lens fluid influx, lens osmotic-imbalance, and fibers over-hydration.

Matched MeSH terms: Citrus*
Antibacterial activity of Citrus hystrix toward Salmonella spp. infection

Ulhaq ZS, Hendyatama TH, Hameed F, Santosaningsih D

Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin (Engl Ed), 2021 6 6;39(6):283-286.
PMID: 34088449 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2020.05.016

INTRODUCTION: Citrus hystrix is widely used by Indonesians as a traditional medicine for gastrointestinal diseases, including Salmonella spp. infection. We investigated the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic peel extract of C. hystrix against Salmonella typhimurium.
METHODS: The antibacterial activity was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was determined at a concentration of 0.625% by agar dilution assay. Later, the in vivo antibacterial activity was examined by the administration of 16mg of the extract daily for three consecutive days in a mouse model infected with S. typhimurium.
RESULTS: The bacterial loads of S. typhimurium in the ileum, liver, and spleen decreased after 24h of administration of the extract (p=0.00008, p=0.00084, and p=0.00003, respectively).
CONCLUSION: The ethanolic peel extract of C. hystrix shows antibacterial activity against S. typhimurium, indicating the potential of C. hystrix as an effective treatment for Salmonella spp. infection.

Matched MeSH terms: Citrus
Fulltext Composition and Bioactivity of Essential Oil from Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck 'Mato Peiyu' Leaf

Tsai ML, Lin CD, Khoo KA, Wang MY, Kuan TK, Lin WC, et al.

Molecules, 2017 Dec 05;22(12).
PMID: 29206180 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122154

'Mato Peiyu' pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck 'Mato Peiyu') leaves from pruning are currently an agricultural waste. The aim of this study was to isolate essential oils from these leaves through steam distillation (SD) and solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) and to evaluate their applicability to skin care by analyzing their antimicrobial, antioxidant (diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging assay, β-carotene/linoleic acid assay, and nitric oxide scavenging assay), anti-inflammatory (5-lipoxygenase inhibition assay), and antityrosinase activities. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results indicated that the main components of 'Mato Peiyu' leaf essential oils were citronellal and citronellol, with a total percentage of 50.71% and 59.82% for SD and SFME, respectively. The highest bioactivity among all assays was obtained for 5-lipoxygenase inhibition, with an IC50 value of 0.034% (v/v). The MIC90 of the antimicrobial activity of essential oils against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans ranged from 0.086% to 0.121% (v/v). Citronellal and citronellol were the main contributors, accounting for at least 54.58% of the essential oil's bioactivity. This paper is the first to report the compositions and bioactivities of 'Mato Peiyu' leaf essential oil, and the results imply that the pomelo leaf essential oil may be applied in skin care.

Matched MeSH terms: Citrus/chemistry*
Fulltext Roadmap Out of COVID-19

Thor J, Pagkaliwagan E, Yeo A, Loh J, Kon C

Malays Orthop J, 2020 Nov;14(3):4-9.
PMID: 33403056 DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.2011.002

The recent coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was declared as a public health emergency by the World Health Organisation on 30th January 2020, and has now affected more than 100 countries. Healthcare institutions and governments worldwide have raced to contain the disease, albeit to varying degrees of success. Containment strategies adopted range from complete lockdowns to remaining open with public advisories regarding social distancing. However, general principles adopted by most countries remain the same, mainly to avoid gatherings in large numbers and limit social interactions to curb the spread of disease. In Singapore, this disease had a very different progression. The first wave of the disease started with the confirmation of the first COVID-19 positive patient in Singapore on 23rd January 2020. Initially, the daily number of confirmed cases were low and manageable. With a rise in unlinked cases, the Disease Outbreak Response System Condition (DORSCON) status was raised from yellow to orange. New cluster outbreaks in foreign worker dormitories led to the rampant spread of disease, with daily spikes of COVID-19 cases. As of 7th June 2020, we have a total of 37,910 confirmed cases of COVID-19 infections, the highest in Southeast Asia, 12,999 active cases and a manageable mortality count of 25 deaths. This details our unique method for dealing with a pandemic, including a brief demographic of trauma patients during this period. We were able to conserve sufficient resources to ensure that our essential services can still continue. Moving on, we have to ensure the continued protection of our population, especially the vulnerable groups such as the elderly and the immunocompromised, as we reopen.

Matched MeSH terms: Citrus sinensis
Fulltext Fatty Acid Composition of Hepatopancreas and Gonads in Both Sexes of Orange Mud Crab, Scylla olivacea Cultured at Various Water Flow Velocities

Taufik M, Shahrul I, Mohd Nordin AR, Ikhwanuddin M, Abol-Munafi AB

Trop Life Sci Res, 2020 Jul;31(2):79-105.
PMID: 32922670 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2020.31.2.5

Nutritional quality of the hepatopancreas and gonads of orange portunid mud crab, Scylla olivacea was evaluated for each gender under four treatment of different water velocities (0, 20, 40 and 60 cm s-1), in terms of nutrient reserve and nutrient for reproduction. About 56 crabs were used in this study in which fatty acids composition was analysed using gas chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS). For hepatopancreas analysis, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were present in the highest fatty acids concentration, followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and, saturated fatty acids (SFAs). However, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) were displayed in low concentration in the hepatopancreas. Total fatty acid (TFAs) composition was significantly higher at moderate velocity of 20 cm s-1 compared to other water velocity treatments. For gonad analysis, 20 cm s-1 showed the highest TFA concentration of 93.34 mg g-1 while, the lowest concentration of 3.90 mg g-1 occurred at 0 cm s-1. There were significant differences in male and female crab's fatty acids contents of gonads at all flow velocities challenged (p < 0.05). PUFAs and MUFAs were dominant while, SFAs were observed at low concentration. This study revealed that, concentration of PUFAs increased as gonad maturation increased. The decreasing concentration of hepatopancreas fatty acids over the culture period indicated that nutrient was shifted from the hepatopancreas, to be used as energy reserved to gonads for further growth of eggs and offspring. The linkages between water flow strength, hepatopancreas, and gonad fatty acids concentrations, is fundamental knowledge useful in establishing efficient habitat velocities selection which will improve aquaculture production of mud crabs with high quality broodstock.

Matched MeSH terms: Citrus sinensis
Fulltext Screening of anti-dengue activity in methanolic extracts of medicinal plants

Tang LI, Ling AP, Koh RY, Chye SM, Voon KG

BMC Complement Altern Med, 2012;12:3.
PMID: 22244370 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-3

Dengue fever regardless of its serotypes has been the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral diseases among the world population. The development of a dengue vaccine is complicated by the antibody-dependent enhancement effect. Thus, the development of a plant-based antiviral preparation promises a more potential alternative in combating dengue disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Citrus/chemistry
ROS-Mediated Mitochondrial Pathway is Required for Manilkara Zapota (L.) P. Royen Leaf Methanol Extract Inducing Apoptosis in the Modulation of Caspase Activation and EGFR/NF-κB Activities of HeLa Human Cervical Cancer Cells

Tan BL, Norhaizan ME, Chan LC

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2018;2018:6578648.
PMID: 29977314 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6578648

Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen (family: Sapotaceae) is commonly called sapodilla, or locally known as ciku. The detailed mechanisms underlying Manilkara zapota leaf methanol extract against HeLa human cervical cancer cells have yet to be investigated. Therefore, our present study is designed to investigate the ability to induce apoptosis and the underlying mechanisms of Manilkara zapota leaf methanol extract inducing cytotoxicity in HeLa cells. The apoptotic cell death was assessed using Annexin V-propidium iodide staining. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential activities were measured using dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and MitoLite Orange, respectively, by NovoCyte Flow Cytometer. Bax and Bcl-2 expression were evaluated using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Caspase-3 activity was determined using a colorimetric assay. The associated biological interaction pathways were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR. Our data showed that HeLa cells were relatively more sensitive to Manilkara zapota leaf methanol extract than other cancer cell lines studied. Overall analyses revealed that Manilkara zapota leaf methanol extract can inhibit the viability of HeLa cells, induce mitochondrial ROS generation, and inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transcriptional activities. Our results suggested that Manilkara zapota leaf methanol extract might represent a potential anticervical cancer agent.

Matched MeSH terms: Citrus sinensis
Fulltext Association between oxidative DNA damage, fruits and vegetables intake with breast cancer: a preliminary study in Klang Valley

Suzana Shahar, Kim, Tiu Teng, Nor Fadilah Rajab, Fatimah Arshad

Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2008;6(1):61-77.
MyJurnal

A preliminary study was conducted to determine the level of oxidative DNA damage, fruits and vegetables intake among 50 breast cancer patients (cases) as compared to 50 healthy women (controls) with no known medical history of breast cancer in Klang Valley. Both groups were matched for age and ethnicity. Data on socio-demographic, health status and medical history, fruits and vegetables intake, and supplements intake were obtained through an interviewbased questionnaire. Anthropometry measurements included weight, height, and waist and hip circumference were also carried out on subjects. A total of 3mL fasting venous blood was drawn to assess lymphocytes oxidative DNA damage using Alkaline Comet Assay. Results indicated that the mean intake of fruits and vegetables was lower in cases (4.09 ± 1.17 servings/d) than controls (4.77 ± 0.90 servings/d)(p < 0.05) The intake of fruits and vegetables from family groups of solanaceae, myrtaceae, caricaceae, apiaceae, brinjal, rutaceae, broccoli, orange, carrot, watermelon were 0.5 - 1 servings/week significantly higher among controls as compared to cases (p < 0.05 for all parameters). However, the intake of fruits from rosaceae family and apple was higher among controls than cases (p < 0.05). The estimated intake of ß-carotene, carotenoids, vitamin A, vitamin C (p < 0.001), a-carotene and lycopene (p < 0.05) from fruits and vegetables were higher among controls than cases. Mean DNA damage level of cases (4.55 ± 1.78 % DNA in tail, %TD; 0.35 ± 0.21 tail moment, TM) were 3.5 and 3.9 times higher than the value of controls (1.3 ± 0.70% TD; 0.09 ± 0.09 TM) (p < 0.001) and the damage increased with higher values of waist hip ratio (% TD, r = 0.396, p < 0.05; TM, r = 0.349, p < 0.05) and waist circumference (% TD, r = 0.334, p < 0.05; TM, r = 0.360, p < 0.05). There was an inverse relationship between oxidative DNA damage with intake of total fruits and vegetables, cauliflowers and water convolvulus and also consumption from rutaceae and solanaceae families. Similar trend was noted for estimated intake of vitamin A, carotenoids, vitamin C, ß-carotene and lycopene. In conclusion, the intake of fruits and vegetables of five servings/d and the consumption of specific families and types of fruits and vegetables might protect against oxidative DNA damage and further reduce breast cancer risk.

Matched MeSH terms: Citrus sinensis
Effects of citrus leaf extract on aortic vascular reactivity in hypertensive rats fed repeatedly heated vegetable oil

Siti HN, Kamisah Y, Mohamed S, Jaarin K

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 2019 04;44(4):373-380.
PMID: 30216735 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0175

The prolonged intake of diet containing repeatedly heated vegetable oil can cause hypertension in the long run.
In this study, the effects of citrus leaf extract (CLE) supplementation on vascular reactivity, plasma nitrite, and aortic structure in hypertensive rats were investigated by the consumption of repeatedly heated vegetable oil [corrected]. Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 56) were divided into 7 groups corresponding to the respective diets. For 16 weeks, 1 group was given standard rat chow (control) while other groups were given diets containing 15% w/w of palm oil, fresh palm oil (FPO), palm oil heated 5 times (5HPO), and palm oil heated 10 times (10HPO), with or without the incorporation of 0.15% w/w CLE (FPO+CLE, 5HPO+CLE, or 10HPO+CLE). Plasma nitrite levels were measured before and at 16 weeks of treatment. After 16 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and aortae were harvested for measuring vascular reactivity and for microscopic study. CLE supplementation had significantly reduced the loss of plasma nitrite and attenuated the vasoconstriction response to phenylephrine in the 5HPO group but not in the 10HPO group. However, CLE had no significant effect on the vasorelaxation response to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside. The elastic lamellae of tunica media in 5HPO, 10HPO, and 10HPO+CLE groups appeared disorganised and disrupted. Obtained findings suggested that CLE was able to enhance nitric oxide bioavailability that might dampen the vasoconstriction effect of phenylephrine.

Matched MeSH terms: Citrus/chemistry*
Citrus leaf extract reduces blood pressure and vascular damage in repeatedly heated palm oil diet-Induced hypertensive rats

Siti HN, Kamisah Y, Nur Iliyani MI, Mohamed S, Jaarin K

Biomed Pharmacother, 2017 Mar;87:451-460.
PMID: 28068636 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.075

Prolonged consumption of repeatedly heated vegetable oil increases blood pressure. This study aimed to determine the effects of Citrus leaf extract, (CLE) on blood pressure, blood pressure-regulating enzymes and mediators, as well as aortic histomorphometry in heated palm oil induced-hypertension. Male Sprague Dawley rats (n=56) were divided into seven groups; control group was given normal diet and the other groups were fed with palm oil-enriched diet (15% w/w) either fresh (FPO), five-time-heated (5HPO) or ten-time-heated (10HPO) with or without CLE (0.15%, w/w) supplementation. CLE supplementation reduced the heated oil-raising effect of blood pressure, plasma TBARS, thromboxane and angiotensin-1 converting enzyme in 5HPO but not in 10HPO group. CLE increased serum heme oxygenase-1 in both 5HPO and 10HPO groups. CLE supplementation reduced the increase in aortic intima-media thickness, intima-media area and circumferential wall tension in 5HPO group but not in 10HPO group. These findings suggested that CLE supplementation reduces the blood pressure-raising effects of 5HPO and vascular damage, possibly through its antioxidant effect by modulating vasoactive mediators and blood pressure-regulating enzymes.

Matched MeSH terms: Citrus
Fulltext The inhibitory effect of lemon juice (citrus limon) on vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw oyster (crassostrea virginica)

Siti Farah Alwani Mohd Nawi, Zaini Mohd Zain, Muhammad Zarif Zahari, Anis Amalina Abdul Hamid, Nur Fakhriah Ahmad Afandi, Siti Nur Fathihah Azmi

Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 2017;2:31-33.

Serving raw oysters with lemon juice is a delicacy in many restaurants in
Malaysia. Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) live in the seacoast and they share the same
environment as Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Consumption of raw oysters contaminated with V.
parahaemolyticus can lead to severe gastroenteritis. A study was performed to determine
whether lemon (Citrus limon) juice is able to inhibit the growth of V. parahaemolyticus after
being inoculated in raw oysters. Methods: Frozen oysters bought from a local supplier
weighing 6 g each were minced and placed in two bottles using sterile technique.
Approximately 1 ml of 107 CFU of V. parahaemolyticus (ATCC strain 17802) was added and
mixed in both bottles. The mixture was treated with 1 ml of lemon juice in only one of the
bottles and the other bottle served as a control. At every 30 s intervals for 2 min, 1 g of the
sample was taken for enumeration of viable cells onto thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose
(TCBS). Results: After 30 s of treatment with the lemon juice, it was observed that the
number of colonies in the treated samples reduced from 7 Log to 3 Log. Subsequently, no
viable V. parahaemolyticus was seen. It was also observed that there were 3 Log reductions
of V. parahaemolyticus after 30 s in untreated samples, however the number of colonies
remained stable until the end of the experiment. Conclusion: This study therefore shows
that lemon juice has some antimicrobial effect on V. parahaemolyticus in raw oysters.

Matched MeSH terms: Citrus
Fulltext The inhibitory effect of lemon juice (citrus limon) on vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw oyster (crassostrea virginica)

Siti Farah Alwani Mohd Nawi, Zaini Mohd Zain, Muhammad Zarif Zahari, Anis Amalina Abdul Hamid, Nur Fakhriah Ahmad Afandi, Siti Nur Fathihah Azmi

Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 2017;2(2):31-33.
MyJurnal

Serving raw oysters with lemon juice is a delicacy in many restaurants in
Malaysia. Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) live in the seacoast and they share the same
environment as Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Consumption of raw oysters contaminated with V.
parahaemolyticus can lead to severe gastroenteritis. A study was performed to determine
whether lemon (Citrus limon) juice is able to inhibit the growth of V. parahaemolyticus after
being inoculated in raw oysters. Methods: Frozen oysters bought from a local supplier
weighing 6 g each were minced and placed in two bottles using sterile technique.
Approximately 1 ml of 107 CFU of V. parahaemolyticus (ATCC strain 17802) was added and
mixed in both bottles. The mixture was treated with 1 ml of lemon juice in only one of the
bottles and the other bottle served as a control. At every 30 s intervals for 2 min, 1 g of the
sample was taken for enumeration of viable cells onto thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose
(TCBS). Results: After 30 s of treatment with the lemon juice, it was observed that the
number of colonies in the treated samples reduced from 7 Log to 3 Log. Subsequently, no
viable V. parahaemolyticus was seen. It was also observed that there were 3 Log reductions
of V. parahaemolyticus after 30 s in untreated samples, however the number of colonies
remained stable until the end of the experiment. Conclusion: This study therefore shows
that lemon juice has some antimicrobial effect on V. parahaemolyticus in raw oysters.

Matched MeSH terms: Citrus
Detection of Citrus tristeza virus by using fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based biosensor

Shojaei TR, Salleh MA, Sijam K, Rahim RA, Mohsenifar A, Safarnejad R, et al.

Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc, 2016 Dec 05;169:216-22.
PMID: 27380305 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.06.052

Due to the low titer or uneven distribution of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) in field samples, detection of CTV by using conventional detection techniques may be difficult. Therefore, in the present work, the cadmium-telluride quantum dots (QDs) was conjugated with a specific antibody against coat protein (CP) of CTV, and the CP were immobilized on the surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to develop a specific and sensitive fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based nanobiosensor for detecting CTV. The maximum FRET efficiency for the developed nano-biosensor was observed at 60% in AuNPs-CP/QDs-Ab ratio of 1:8.5. The designed system showed higher sensitivity and specificity over enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a limit of detection of 0.13μgmL(-1) and 93% and 94% sensitivity and specificity, respectively. As designed sensor is rapid, sensitive, specific and efficient in detecting CTV, this could be envisioned for diagnostic applications, surveillance and plant certification program.

Matched MeSH terms: Citrus/virology*
Fulltext Influence of Irradiation Time on the Structural and Optical Characteristics of CuSe Nanoparticles Synthesized via Microwave-Assisted Technique

Shitu IG, Liew JYC, Talib ZA, Baqiah H, Awang Kechik MM, Ahmad Kamarudin M, et al.

ACS Omega, 2021 Apr 27;6(16):10698-10708.
PMID: 34056223 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00148

A rapid, sustainable, and ecologically sound approach is urgently needed for the production of semiconductor nanomaterials. CuSe nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized via a microwave-assisted technique using CuCl2·2H2O and Na2SeO3 as the starting materials. The role of the irradiation time was considered as the primary concern to regulate the size and possibly the shape of the synthesized nanoparticles. A range of characterization techniques was used to elucidate the structural and optical properties of the fabricated nanoparticles, which included X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), atomic force microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy (Raman), UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The mean crystallite size of the CuSe hexagonal (Klockmannite) crystal structure increased from 21.35 to 99.85 nm with the increase in irradiation time. At the same time, the microstrain and dislocation density decreased from 7.90 × 10-4 to 1.560 × 10-4 and 4.68 × 10-2 to 1.00 × 10-2 nm-2, respectively. Three Raman vibrational bands attributed to CuSe NPs have been identified in the Raman spectrum. Irradiation time was also seen to play a critical role in the NP optical band gap during the synthesis. The decrease in the optical band gap from 1.85 to 1.60 eV is attributed to the increase in the crystallite size when the irradiation time was increased. At 400 nm excitation wavelength, a strong orange emission centered at 610 nm was observed from the PL measurement. The PL intensity is found to increase with an increase in irradiation time, which is attributed to the improvement in crystallinity at higher irradiation time. Therefore, the results obtained in this study could be of great benefit in the field of photonics, solar cells, and optoelectronic applications.

Matched MeSH terms: Citrus sinensis

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