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  1. Mitigation of 3-MCPD esters and glycidyl esters during the physical refining process of palm oil by micro and macro laboratory scale refining
    Sim BI, Khor YP, Lai OM, Yeoh CB, Wang Y, Liu Y, et al.
    Food Chem, 2020 Oct 30;328:127147.
    PMID: 32497897 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127147
    The reduction of the 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE) was successfully achieved by the optimization of four processing parameters: phosphoric acid dosage, degumming temperature, bleaching earth dosage, and deodorization temperature by response surface methodology without the need for additional processing steps. The optimized processing conditions were 0.31% phosphoric acid dosage, 50 °C degumming temperature, 3% bleaching earth dosage, and 240 °C deodorization temperature. The optimization resulted in more than 80% and 65% reduction of 3-MCPDE and GE levels, respectively with color and FFA contents maintained in the acceptable range specified by Palm Oil Refiners Association of Malaysia. The optimized refining condition was transferred to macro scale refining units of 1 kg and 3 kg capacities to investigate its successful application during scale-up process.
    Matched MeSH terms: alpha-Chlorohydrin/chemistry*; Epoxy Compounds/chemistry; Phosphoric Acids/chemistry; Propanols/chemistry
  2. Primary purification of intracellular Halomonas salina ectoine using ionic liquids-based aqueous biphasic system
    Ng HS, Wan PK, Ng TC, Lan JC
    J Biosci Bioeng, 2020 Aug;130(2):200-204.
    PMID: 32389469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.04.003
    Ectoine is a zwitterionic amino acid derivative that can be naturally sourced from halophilic microorganisms. The increasing demands of ectoine in various industries have urged the researches on the cost-effective approaches on production of ectoine. Ionic liquids-based aqueous biphasic system (ILABS) was applied to recover Halomonas salina ectoine from cells hydrolysate. The 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (Bmim)BF4 was used in the ILABS and the recovery efficiency of ILABS to recover ectoine from H. salina cells lysate was evaluated by determining the effects of phase composition; pHs; crude loading and additional neutral salt (NaCl). The hydrophilic ectoine was targeted to partition to the hydrophilic salt-rich phase. A total yield (YB) of 96.32% ± 1.08 of ectoine was obtained with ILABS of phase composition of 20% (w/w) (Bmim)BF4 and 30% (w/w) sulfate salts; system pH of 5.5 when the 20% (w/w) of crude feedstock was applied to the ILABS. There was no significant enhancement on the ectoine recovery efficiency using the ILABS when NaCl was added, therefore the ILABS composition without the additional neutral salt was recommended for the primary purification of ectoine. Partition coefficient (KE) of 30.80 ± 0.42, purity (PE) of 95.82% and enrichment factor (Ef) of 1.92 were recorded with the optimum (Bmim)BF4/sulfate ILABS. These findings have provided an insight on the feasibility of recovery of intracellular biomolecules using the green solvent-based aqueous system in one single-step operation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride/chemistry; Water/chemistry*; Halomonas/chemistry*; Ionic Liquids/chemistry*
  3. Fulltext Chemical Compounds of Malacca Leaf (Phyllanthus emblica) after Triple Extraction with N-Hexane, Ethyl Acetate, and Ethanol
    Asmilia N, Fahrimal Y, Abrar M, Rinidar R
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2020;2020:2739056.
    PMID: 32395086 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2739056
    Malacca (Phyllanthus emblica) is one of the plants that is often by the community in the Aceh Besar district of Indonesia as a traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases such as antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungals, antivirals, antimutagenic, antimalaria, and antiallergic. This research was conducted to analyze the content of chemical compounds in the ethanol extract of the Malacca leaf (EEDM) using a gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS). Malacca leaves were extracted by the maceration method using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The GC-MS analysis showed EEDM contained 22 chemical compounds. The highest chemical content of EEDM is octadecanoic acid reaching 22.93%, 9,12-octadecanoic acid 14.99%, octadecanoic acid 7.59%, 9-hexadecenoic acid 6.17%, octadecanoic acid 5.95%, octadecanal 5.59%, 9,12-octadecanoic acid 5.06%, 3-eicosyne 4.75%, 1-hexadecenoic acid 4.08%, 11-tetradecen-1-ol 2.92%, 2-furanmethanol 2.83%, delta-guaiene 2.43%, cyclohexane 2.13%, hexadecanoic acid 1.99%, sativen 1.87%, octadecanoic acid 1.52%, 1H-cyclopropaanaphthalene 1.40%, tetradecanoic acid 1.40%, 3,7,11-tridecatrienenitrile 1.20%, caryophellene 1.11%, 2H-pyran 1.07%, and trans-caryophellene 1.03%. This study clearly shows the presence of fatty acids which play a major role in the efficacy of these traditional medicines particularly as antioxidant and antimalarial.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/chemistry*; Plant Leaves/chemistry; Phyllanthus emblica/chemistry*; Phytochemicals/chemistry*
  4. A review of bacterial cellulose-based drug delivery systems: their biochemistry, current approaches and future prospects
    Abeer MM, Mohd Amin MC, Martin C
    J Pharm Pharmacol, 2014 Aug;66(8):1047-61.
    PMID: 24628270 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12234
    The field of pharmaceutical technology is expanding rapidly because of the increasing number of drug delivery options. Successful drug delivery is influenced by multiple factors, one of which is the appropriate identification of materials for research and engineering of new drug delivery systems. Bacterial cellulose (BC) is one such biopolymer that fulfils the criteria for consideration as a drug delivery material.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry*; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods; Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemistry
  5. Targeting respiratory diseases using miRNA inhibitor based nanotherapeutics: Current status and future perspectives
    Mehta M, Satija S, Paudel KR, Malyla V, Kannaujiya VK, Chellappan DK, et al.
    Nanomedicine, 2021 01;31:102303.
    PMID: 32980549 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102303
    MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a fundamental role in the developmental and physiological processes that occur in both animals and plants. AntagomiRs are synthetic antagonists of miRNA, which prevent the target mRNA from suppression. Therapeutic approaches that modulate miRNAs have immense potential in the treatment of chronic respiratory disorders. However, the successful delivery of miRNAs/antagomiRs to the lungs remains a major challenge in clinical applications. A range of materials, namely, polymer nanoparticles, lipid nanocapsules and inorganic nanoparticles, has shown promising results for intracellular delivery of miRNA in chronic respiratory disorders. This review discusses the current understanding of miRNA biology, the biological roles of antagomiRs in chronic respiratory disease and the recent advances in the therapeutic utilization of antagomiRs as disease biomarkers. Furthermore our review provides a common platform to debate on the nature of antagomiRs and also addresses the viewpoint on the new generation of delivery systems that target antagomiRs in respiratory diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polymers/chemistry; Nanoparticles/chemistry*; Nanocapsules/chemistry; Antagomirs/chemistry*
  6. A new cycloartane triterpene bisdesmoside from the rhizomes of Actaea vaginata
    Zhang M, Yang Q, Zhang X, Wu H
    Nat Prod Res, 2021 Oct;35(20):3426-3431.
    PMID: 31821060 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1700509
    A new cycloartane triterpene bisdesmoside, soulieoside T (1), and one known compound, oleanolic acid (2), were isolated from the ethanolic extract of the rhizomes of Actaea vaginata. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and by comparison with data reported in the literature. Compound 1 was evaluated for cytotoxic activities against three human cancer cell lines.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry; Saponins/chemistry; Triterpenes/chemistry; Rhizome/chemistry*
  7. Portable electrochemical immunosensor for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis secreted protein CFP10-ESAT6 in clinical sputum samples
    Mohd Azmi UZ, Yusof NA, Abdullah J, Alang Ahmad SA, Mohd Faudzi FN, Ahmad Raston NH, et al.
    Mikrochim Acta, 2021 01 06;188(1):20.
    PMID: 33404779 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04669-x
    An early detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is very important to reduce the number of fatal cases and allow for fast recovery. However, the interpretation of the result from smear microscopy requires skilled personnel due to the propensity of the method to produce false-negative results. In this work, a portable, rapid, and simple sandwich-type immunosensor reader has been developed that is able to detect the presence of M. tuberculosis in sputum samples. By using sandwich-type immunosensor, an anti-CFP10-ESAT6 antibody was immobilized onto the graphene/polyaniline (GP/PANI)-modified gold screen-printed electrode. After incubation with the target CFP10-ESAT6 antigen, the iron/gold magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4/Au MNPs) conjugated with anti-CFP10-ESAT6 antibody were used to complete the sandwich format. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique was used to detect the CFP10-ESAT6 antigen at the potential range of 0.0-1.0 V. The detection time is less than 2 h. Under optimal condition, CFP10-ESAT6 antigen was detected in a linear range from 10 to 500 ng mL-1 with a limit of detection at 1.5 ng mL-1. The method developed from this process was then integrated into a portable reader. The performance of the sensor was investigated and compared with the standard methods (culture and smear microscopy). It provides a good correlation (100% sensitivity and 91.7% specificity) with both methods of detection for M. tuberculosis in sputum samples henceforth, demonstrating the potential of the device as a more practical screening tool.Graphical abstract.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gold/chemistry; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/chemistry*; Sputum/chemistry*; Magnetite Nanoparticles/chemistry*
  8. Fulltext Hexaconazole-Micelle Nanodelivery System Prepared Using Different Surfactants for Ganoderma Antifungal Application
    Mustafa IF, Hussein MZ, Idris AS, Hilmi NHZ, Fakurazi S
    Molecules, 2021 Sep 26;26(19).
    PMID: 34641379 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195837
    Reports on fungicide-based agronanochemicals in combating disastrous basal stem rot disease in the oil palm industry are scant. Herein, we describe the potential of fungicide nanodelivery agents based on hexaconazole-micelle systems produced using three different surfactants; sodium dodecylbenze sulfonate (SDBS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Tween 80 (T80). The resulting nanodelivery systems were characterized and the results supported the encapsulation of the fungicide into the micelles of the surfactants. We have investigated in detail the size-dependent effects of the as-synthesized micelles towards the inhibition growth of Ganoderma Boninense fungi. All the nanodelivery systems indicate that their size decreased as the surfactant concentration was increased, and it directly affects the fungal inhibition. It was also found that Tween 80, a non-ionic surfactant gave the lowest effective concentration, the EC50 value of 2, on the pathogenic fungus Ganoderma boninense compared to the other anionic surfactants; SDBS and SDS. This study opens up a new generation of agronanofungicide of better efficacy for Ganoderma disease treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/chemistry; Surface-Active Agents/chemistry*; Triazoles/chemistry; Nanoparticles/chemistry
  9. Fulltext Coriandrum sativum L.: A Review on Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Cardiovascular Benefits
    Mahleyuddin NN, Moshawih S, Ming LC, Zulkifly HH, Kifli N, Loy MJ, et al.
    Molecules, 2021 Dec 30;27(1).
    PMID: 35011441 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010209
    Coriandrum sativum (C. sativum), belonging to the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family, is widely recognized for its uses in culinary and traditional medicine. C. sativum contains various phytochemicals such as polyphenols, vitamins, and many phytosterols, which account for its properties including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and analgesic effects. The cardiovascular benefits of C. sativum have not been summarized before, hence this review aims to further evaluate and discuss its effectiveness in cardiovascular diseases, according to the recent literature. An electronic search for literature was carried out using the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, preprint platforms, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Articles were gathered from the inception of the database until August 2021. Moreover, the traditional uses and phytochemistry of coriander were surveyed in the original resources and summarized. As a result, most of the studies that cover cardiovascular benefits and fulfilled the eligibility criteria were in vivo, while only a few were in vitro and clinical studies. In conclusion, C. sativum can be deemed a functional food due to its wide range of cardiovascular benefits such as antihypertensive, anti-atherogenic, antiarrhythmic, hypolipidemic as well as cardioprotective effects.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/chemistry; Plants, Medicinal/chemistry; Coriandrum/chemistry*; Phytochemicals/chemistry*
  10. Fulltext Report: antioxidant and nutraceutical value of wild medicinal Rubus berries
    Ahmad M, Masood S, Sultana S, Hadda TB, Bader A, Zafar M
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2015 Jan;28(1):241-7.
    PMID: 25553701
    Nutritional quality and antioxidant capacity of three edible wild berries (Rubus ellipticus Smith, Rubus niveus Thunb, Rubus ulmifolius L.) from Lesser Himalayan Range (LHR) were evaluated. Their edible portion was assayed for moisture, fats, ash, carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, essential minerals (Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cl, S, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Se, Co, Ni) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity was applied to determine the antioxidant potential. The fruit of Rubus ulmifolius L. (blackberry) possessed the highest values of energy (403.29 Kcal), total protein (6.56g/100 g), Nitrogen (N) content (1500mg/100g), K (860.17mg/100g), Ca (620.56mg/100g), Zn (17.509mg/100g) and the strongest antioxidant activity (98.89% inhibition). While the raspberries (Rubus ellipticus Smith, Rubus niveus Thunb.) exhibited more significant contents of dietary fiber (5.90g/100g), carbohydrates (86.4 g/100 g) and Fe (4.249mg/100g). Significant variation was observed among the tested samples in all the investigated features. The combination of bio elements and active antioxidants clearly showed the applicability of these berries as a nutraceutical supplement.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds/chemistry; Fruit/chemistry*; Picrates/chemistry; Rubus/chemistry*
  11. Effects of microwave on drug release property of poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid) matrix
    Wong TW, Wahab S, Anthony Y
    Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2007 Jul;33(7):737-46.
    PMID: 17654022
    The drug release behavior of beads made of poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid) was investigated with respect to the influence of microwave irradiation. The beads were prepared by an extrusion method with sodium diclofenac as a model water-soluble drug. The beads were subjected to microwave irradiation at 80 W for 5 and 20 min, and at 300 W for 1 min 20 s and 5 min 20 s. The profiles of drug dissolution, drug content, drug-polymer interaction, and polymer-polymer interaction were determined by using dissolution testing, drug content assay, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. Keeping the level of supplied irradiation energy identical, treatment of beads by microwave at varying intensities of irradiation did not bring about similar drug release profiles. The extent and rate of drug released from beads were markedly enhanced through treating the samples by microwave at 80 W as a result of loss of polymer-polymer interaction via the (CH(2))(n) moiety, but decreased upon treating the beads by microwave at 300 W following polymer-polymer interaction via the O-H, COOH, and COO(-) moieties as well as drug-polymer interaction via the N-H, O-H, COO(-), and C-O moieties. The beads treated by microwave at 300 W exhibited a higher level of drug release retardation capacity than those that were treated by microwave at 80 W in spite of polymer-polymer interaction via the (CH(2))(n) moiety was similarly reduced in the matrix. The mechanism of drug release of both microwave-treated and untreated beads tended to follow zero order kinetics. The drug release was markedly governed by the state of polymer relaxation of the matrix and was in turn affected by the state of polymer-polymer and/or drug-polymer interaction in beads.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Diclofenac/chemistry*; Maleates/chemistry*; Polyethylenes/chemistry*
  12. Diclofenac release from eudragit-containing matrices and effects of thermal treatment
    Billa N, Yuen KH, Peh KK
    Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 1998 Jan;24(1):45-50.
    PMID: 15605596
    Ethyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymer (Eudragit NE40D) was evaluated as matrix material for preparing controlled-release tablets of diclofenac sodium. Drug release could be modified in a predictable manner by varying the Eudragit NE40D content, but was pH dependent, being markedly reduced at lower pH. This could be attributed to the low solubility of the drug at these pH values. Thermal treatment of the tablets at 60 degrees C was also found to affect the rate of drug release, which was found to decrease with an increase in the treatment duration, but could be stabilized after 96 hr of treatment. This was also associated with a corresponding increase in the tablet tensile strength. However, treatment of the granules for 5 hr prior to compaction into tablets could shorten the stabilizing time of the drug release to 48 hr and that of the tensile strength to 24 hr. The effect of thermal treatment may be ascribed to better coalescence of the Eudragit particles to form a fine network, resulting in matrix of higher tortuosity and lower porosity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diclofenac/chemistry*; Excipients/chemistry*; Methacrylates/chemistry*; Polymers/chemistry*
  13. Development of LC-MS/MS method and application to bioequivalence study of a light sensitive drug montelukast
    Wong EYL, Loh GOK, Tan YTF, Peh KK
    Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2021 Feb;47(2):197-206.
    PMID: 33300818 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1862177
    OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to develop a simple, highthroughput and sensitive LC-MS/MS method and apply to a bioequivalence study of montelukast, a light sensitive drug.

    METHOD: The effects of organic modifiers in mobile phase, protein precipitation agent to plasma sample ratio, and light on montelukast stability in unprocessed and processed human plasma, were evaluated. Validation was conducted in accordance with European Medicines Agency Guideline on bioanalytical method validation.

    RESULTS: No interference peak was observed when acetonitrile was used as an organic modifier. Acetonitrile to plasma ratio of 4:1 produced clean plasma sample. Approximately 3 % of cis isomer was detected in unprocessed plasma samples while 21 % of cis isomer was detected in processed plasma samples after exposing to fluorescent light for 24h. The standard calibration curve was linear over 3.00-1200.00 ng/mL. All method validation parameters were within the acceptance criteria.

    CONCLUSION: The validated method was successfully applied to a bioequivalence study of two montelukast formulations involving 24 healthy Malaysian volunteers. The light stability of a light sensitive drug in unprocessed and processed human plasma samples should be studied prior to pharmacokinetic/bioequivalence studies. Measures could then be taken to protect the analyte in human plasma from light degradation.

    Matched MeSH terms: Acetates/chemistry; Cyclopropanes/chemistry; Quinolines/chemistry; Sulfides/chemistry
  14. Characterization of Polar and Non-Polar Compounds of House Edible Bird's Nest (EBN) from Johor, Malaysia
    Hun Lee T, Hau Lee C, Alia Azmi N, Kavita S, Wong S, Znati M, et al.
    Chem Biodivers, 2020 Jan;17(1):e1900419.
    PMID: 31721431 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900419
    This work investigated the polar (PC: protein, amino acid and metabolite) and non-polar (NPC: fatty acid) compounds and bioactivity characteristics of the EBN harvested from the state of Johor in Malaysia. The electrophoretic gels exhibited 15 protein bands (16-173 kD) with unique protein profile. Amino acids analysis by AccQ⋅Tag method revealed 18 types of amino acids in EBN. Metabolite profiling was performed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (HPLC-QTOF/MS) technique and a total of 54 compounds belonging to different groups were detected and identified. These findings help to uncover the relation of therapeutic activity of EBN. The EBN was further extracted with AcOEt and BuOH. The AcOEt extract was fractionated into three fractions (F1 -F3 ), and the high triglyceride content in F2 was verified by gC-FID. The three groups of fatty acids discovered in EBN are 48.43 % of poly-unsaturated (PUFA), 25.35 % of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and 24.74 % of mono-unsaturated fat (MUFA). This is the first time to report results ofEBN, BuOH, and AcOEt extracts and of fraction F2 (TEBN) on their analysis for their antioxidant activities by DPPH, ABTS and catalase assay and for their paraoxonase and anti-tyrosinase activities. The results showed that TEBN exhibited the significant bioactivity in all assays. These findings suggest that TEBN is a good source for natural bioactive compounds in promoting body vigor. Current work widened the content of EBN especially on the triglyceride and also marked the content of specific location (Johor, Malaysia) of EBN origin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Amino Acids/chemistry; Biological Products/chemistry*; Fatty Acids/chemistry; Proteins/chemistry
  15. Thermoplastic starch/beeswax blend: Characterization on thermal mechanical and moisture absorption properties
    Diyana ZN, Jumaidin R, Selamat MZ, Suan MSM
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2021 Nov 01;190:224-232.
    PMID: 34481857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.201
    Cassava starch has acquired many attentions owing to its ability to be developed as thermoplastic cassava starch (TPCS) where it can be obtained in low cost, making it to be one of alternatives to substitute petroleum-based plastic. An attempt was made to investigate the thermal, mechanical and moisture absorption properties of thermoplastic cassava starch blending with beeswax (TPCS-BW) fabricated using hot moulding compression method in the range of beeswax loading from 0, 2.5, 5 to 10 wt%. Addition of beeswax has significantly reduced tensile strength, elongation and flexural strength while improving tensile modulus and flexural modulus until 5 wt% beeswax. Incorporation of 10 wt% beeswax has successfully produced the lowest value of moisture absorption and water solubility among the bio-composite which might be attributed to the beeswax's hydrophobic properties in improving water barrier of the TPCS-BW bio-composite. Furthermore, the addition of beeswax resulted in the appearance of irregular and rough fractured surface. Meanwhile, fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy presented that incorporation of beeswax in the mixture has considerably improve hydrogen bonding of blends indicating good interaction between starch and beeswax. Hence, beeswax with an appropriate loading value able to improve the functional properties of TPCS-BW bio-composite.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plastics/chemistry*; Starch/chemistry*; Water/chemistry; Waxes/chemistry*
  16. Fabrication and dialysis performance of functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes integrated cellulose acetate/poly(vinylpyrrolidone) membranes
    Ashraf MA, Islam A, Butt MA, Hussain T, Khan RU, Bashir S, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2021 Nov 30;191:872-880.
    PMID: 34571131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.131
    Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) of cellulose acetate/poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (CA/PVP) infused with acid functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) were fabricated by an immersion phase separation technique for hemodialysis application. Membranes were characterized using FTIR, water uptake, contact angle, TGA, DMA and SEM analysis. The FTIR was used to confirm the bonding interaction between CA/PVP membrane matrix and f-MWCNTs. Upon addition of f-MWCNTs, TGA thermograms and glass transition temperature indicated improved thermal stability of MMMs. The surface morphological analysis demonstrated revealed uniform distribution of f-MWCNTs and asymmetric membrane structure. The water uptake and contact angle confirmed that hydrophilicity was increased after incorporation of f-MWCNTs. The membranes demonstrated enhancement in water permeate flux, bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection with the infusion of f-MWCNTs; whereas BSA based anti-fouling analysis using flux recovery ratio test shown up to 8.4% improvement. The urea and creatinine clearance performance of MMMs were evaluated by dialysis experiment. It has been found that f-MWCNTs integrated membranes demonstrated the higher urea and creatinine clearance with increase of 12.6% and 10.5% in comparison to the neat CA/PVP membrane. Thus, the prepared CA/PVP membranes embedded with f-MWCNTs can be employed for wide range of dialysis applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry; Creatinine/chemistry; Povidone/chemistry*; Nanotubes, Carbon/chemistry*
  17. Molecularly imprinted polymer amalgamation on narrow-gapped Archimedean-spiral interdigitated electrodes: resistance to electrolyte fouling in acidic medium
    Krishnan H, Gopinath SCB, Md Arshad MK, Zulhaimi HI, Ramanathan S
    Mikrochim Acta, 2021 03 31;188(4):144.
    PMID: 33791872 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04794-1
    A conventional photolithography technique was used to fabricate three types of Archimedean-spiral interdigitated electrodes (AIDEs) containing concentric interlocking electrodes with different electrode and gap sizes, i.e., 150 μm (D1), 100 μm (D2), and 50 μm (D3). The precision of the fabrication was validated by surface topography using scanning electron microscopy, high power microscopy, 3D-nano profilometry, and atomic force microscopy. These AIDEs were fabricated with a tolerance of ± 6 nm in dimensions. The insignificant current variation at the pico-ampere range for all bare AIDEs further proved the reproducibility of the device. The large gap sized AIDE (D1) is insensitive to acidic medium, whereas D2 and D3 are insensitive to alkali medium. D2 was the best with regard to its electrical characterization. Furthermore, uniformly synthesized molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) nanoparticles prepared with human blood clotting factor IX and its aptamer were in the size range 140 to 160 nm, attached on the sensing surface and characterized. The average thickness of deposited MIP film was 1.7 μm. EDX data shows the prominent peaks for silicon and aluminum substrates as 61.79 and 22.52%, respectively. The MIP nanoparticles-deposited sensor surface was characterized by applying it in electrolyte solutions, and smooth curves with the current flow were observed at pH lower than 8 and discriminated against alkali media. This study provides a new MIP amalgamated AIDE with nano-gapped fingers enabling analysis of other biomaterials due to its operation in an ideal buffer range.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aluminum/chemistry; Factor IX/chemistry; Aptamers, Nucleotide/chemistry; Nanoparticles/chemistry
  18. Can dextran-based nanoparticles mitigate inflammatory lung diseases?
    Prasher P, Sharma M, R Wich P, Jha NK, Singh SK, Chellappan DK, et al.
    Future Med Chem, 2021 12;13(23):2027-2031.
    PMID: 34596425 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0218
    Matched MeSH terms: Dextrans/chemistry*; Drug Carriers/chemistry; RNA, Small Interfering/chemistry; Nanoparticles/chemistry*
  19. Development of rapid gold nanoparticles based lateral flow assays for simultaneous detection of Shigella and Salmonella genera
    Yahaya ML, Zakaria ND, Noordin R, Abdul Razak K
    Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2021 Oct;68(5):1095-1106.
    PMID: 32935878 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2029
    Salmonella and Shigella genera are common pathogens that contaminate foods and beverages. Lateral flow assays (LFA) are commonly used to detect these pathogens. However, most of the developed LFAs are for single detection. Simultaneous detection of pathogens is required to reduce cost and time. In this work, 40 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized using the seeding growth method as labeling agent. The AuNPs were characterized and conjugated with mouse anti-Gram negative endotoxin antibody. The nitrocellulose membrane HF135 was immobilized with anti-mouse IgG antibody as a control line and two separate test lines with either anti-Shigella or anti-Salmonella antibody, respectively. Color intensity of test lines was observed for positive samples. A milk sample was used as proof of concept to mimic actual contamination. The limit of detection of the LFA was 3.0 × 106 CFU/mL for multiplex detection of Shigella flexneri and Salmonella Typhi and for both single detections. The result was comparable with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis. The produced LFA could differentiate between Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii, Salmonella Enteritidis, and Salmonella Typhi. The developed LFA was able to identify Shigella flexneri and Salmonella Typhi with good sensitivity in milk samples, thus, beneficial to ensure the safety of food before entering the market.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies/chemistry; Collodion/chemistry; Gold/chemistry*; Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry*
  20. 1HNMR-Based Discriminatory Analysis of Eurycoma longifolia from Different Locations and Establishing a Profile for Primary Metabolites Identification and Quassinoids Quantification
    Ebrahimi F, Ibrahim B, Teh CH, Murugaiyah V, Lam CK
    Planta Med, 2017 Jan;83(1-02):172-182.
    PMID: 27399233 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-110857
    Quassinoids, the major secondary metabolites of Eurycoma longifolia roots, improve male fertility. Hence, it is crucial to investigate their quantitative level in E. longifolia extracts. A profile was established to identify the primary metabolites and major quassinoids, and quantify quassinoids using external calibration curves. Furthermore, the metabolic discrimination of E. longifolia roots from different regions was investigated. The (1)H-NMR spectra of the quassinoids, eurycomanone, eurycomanol, 13,21-dihydroeurycomanone, and eurycomanol-2-O-β-D-glycopyranoside were obtained. The (1)H-NMR profiles of E. longifolia root aqueous extracts from Perak (n = 30) were obtained and used to identify primary metabolites and the quassinoids. Selangor, Kedah, Terengganu (n = 5 for each), and Perak samples were checked for metabolic discrimination. Hotelling's T(2) plot was used to check for outliers. Orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis was run to reveal the discriminatory metabolites. Perak samples contained formic, succinic, methylsuccinic, fumaric, lactic, acetic and syringic acids as well as choline, alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, α-glucose, eurycomanone, eurycomanol, 13,21-dihydroeurycomanone, and eurycomanol-2-O-β-D-glycopyranoside. The extracts from other locations contained the same metabolites. The limit of quantification values were 1.96 (eurycomanone), 15.62 (eurycomanol), 3.91 (13,21-dihydroeurycomanone), and 31.25 (eurycomanol-2-O-β-D-glycopyranoside) ppm. The Hotelling's T(2) plot revealed no outlier. The orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis model showed that choline, eurycomanol, eurycomanol-2-O-β-D-glycopyranoside, and lactic and succinic acid levels were different among regions. Terengganu and Perak samples contained higher amounts of eurycomanol and eurycomanol-2-O-β-D-glycopyranoside, respectively. The current approach efficiently detected E. longifolia root metabolites, quantified the quassinoids, and discriminated E. longifolia roots from different locations. These findings could be applicable to future research on E. longifolia where the higher content of quassinoids is required.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/chemistry*; Plant Roots/chemistry; Eurycoma/chemistry; Quassins/chemistry*
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