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Design, synthesis, and evaluation of thiazolidinone derivatives as antimicrobial and anti-viral agents

Ravichandran V, Jain A, Kumar KS, Rajak H, Agrawal RK

Chem Biol Drug Des, 2011 Sep;78(3):464-70.
PMID: 21615706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01149.x

A series of 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives were prepared by the reaction of respective aromatic amine, aromatic aldehyde, and thioglycolic acid in dry benzene/toluene. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, IR, (1) HNMR, and mass spectra. The newly synthesized final compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-viral activities. Preliminary results indicated that some of the compounds demonstrated antibacterial activity in the range of 7-13 μg/mL, antifungal activity in the range of 13-17 μg/mL, comparable with the standard drugs, ciprofloxacin and fluconazole. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that the nature of the substituents at the 2 and 3 positions of the thiazolidinone nucleus had a significant impact on the in vitro antimicrobial and anti-viral activity of these classes of agents.

Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria/drug effects; Bacterial Infections/drug therapy
Emerging cold plasma treatment on rice grains: A mini review

Ikmal Misnal MF, Redzuan N, Firdaus Zainal MN, Raja Ibrahim RK, Ahmad N, Agun L

Chemosphere, 2021 Jul;274:129972.
PMID: 33979941 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129972

Future demand of rice is projected to increase with the increase of global population. However, the presence of bacteria, insects, and fungi has resulted in various changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of rice grain. To make it worse, the overuse of post-harvest chemicals (fungicide and pesticide) has caused possible risks to human health through either occupational or non-occupational exposure. For the last few years, cold plasma has been developed as an alternative non-thermal emerging technology for rice grains treatment due to its ability to inactivate or decontaminate pathogens without causing thermal damage and free of any harmful residues. Therefore, this review describes the operational mechanism of cold plasma treatment technology on rice grains, existing reactor system designs, and parameters influenced by the treatment technology (reactor design parameters and treatment process parameters). Possible advanced investigation on future reactor design modification as well as standard operating range of influenced parameters were suggested for improved efficiency and effectiveness of cold plasma treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria
Fulltext Loktanella spp. Gb03 as an algicidal bacterium, isolated from the culture of Dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus belizeanus

Bloh AH, Usup G, Ahmad A

Vet World, 2016 Feb;9(2):142-6.
PMID: 27051199 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.142-146

AIM: Bacteria associated with harmful algal blooms can play a crucial role in regulating algal blooms in the environment. This study aimed at isolating and identifying algicidal bacteria in Dinoflagellate culture and to determine the optimum growth requirement of the algicidal bacteria, Loktanella sp. Gb-03.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Dinoflagellate culture used in this study was supplied by Professor Gires Usup's Laboratory, School of Environmental and Natural Resources Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia. The culture was used for the isolation of Loktanella sp., using biochemical tests, API 20 ONE kits. The fatty acid content of the isolates and the algicidal activity were further evaluated, and the phenotype was determined through the phylogenetic tree.
RESULTS: Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, short rod-shaped, aerobic bacteria (Gb01, Gb02, Gb03, Gb04, Gb05, and Gb06) were isolated from the Dinoflagellate culture. The colonies were pink in color, convex with a smooth surface and entire edge. The optimum growth temperature for the Loktanella sp. Gb03 isolate was determined to be 30°C, in 1% of NaCl and pH7. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the bacterium belonged to the genus Loktanella of the class Alphaproteobacteria and formed a tight cluster with the type strain of Loktanella pyoseonensis (97.0% sequence similarity).
CONCLUSION: On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic data and genetic distinctiveness, strain Gb-03, were placed in the genus Loktanella as the type strain of species. Moreover, it has algicidal activity against seven toxic Dinoflagellate. The algicidal property of the isolated Loktanella is vital, especially where biological control is needed to mitigate algal bloom or targeted Dinoflagellates.

Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria, Aerobic
Fulltext Evaluation of pre-treated healthcare wastes during COVID-19 pandemic reveals pathogenic microbiota, antibiotics residues, and antibiotic resistance genes against beta-lactams

Siew SW, Musa SM, Sabri N', Farida Asras MF, Ahmad HF

Environ Res, 2023 Feb 15;219:115139.
PMID: 36565841 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115139

The disposal of healthcare waste without prior elimination of pathogens and hazardous contaminants has negative effects on the environment and public health. This study aimed to profile the complete microbial community and correlate it with the antibiotic compounds identified in microwave pre-treated healthcare wastes collected from three different waste operators in Peninsular Malaysia. The bacterial and fungal compositions were determined via amplicon sequencing by targeting the full-length 16S rRNA gene and partial 18S with full-length ITS1-ITS2 regions, respectively. The antibiotic compounds were characterized using high-throughput spectrometry. There was significant variation in bacterial and fungal composition in three groups of samples, with alpha- (p-value = 0.04) and beta-diversity (p-values <0.006 and bacteria Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus faecalis were found in modest quantities. A total of 19 antibiotic compounds were discovered and linked with the microbial abundance detected in the healthcare waste samples. The principal component analysis demonstrated a positive antibiotic-bacteria correlation for genera Pseudomonas, Aerococcus, Comamonas, and Vagococcus, while the other bacteria were negatively linked with antibiotics. Nevertheless, deep bioinformatic analysis confirmed the presence of blaTEM-1 and penP which are associated with the production of class A beta-lactamase and beta-lactam resistance pathways. Microorganisms and contaminants, which serve as putative indicators in healthcare waste treatment evaluation revealed the ineffectiveness of microbial inactivation using the microwave sterilization method. Our findings suggested that the occurrence of clinically relevant microorganisms, antibiotic contaminants, and associated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) represent environmental and human health hazards when released into landfills via ARGs transmission.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/analysis; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology; Bacteria/genetics; Genes, Bacterial
Bacterial diversity associated with empty oil palm fruit bunch compost as revealed by cultivation-independent analyses of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes

Liew PW, Jong BC, Goh CM, Ahmad M

J Gen Appl Microbiol, 2009 Jun;55(3):233-40.
PMID: 19590151
Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria/classification*; Bacteria/genetics; Bacteria/isolation & purification; Genes, Bacterial/genetics
Intracellular biopolymer productions using mixed microbial cultures from fermented POME

Salmiati, Ujang Z, Salim MR, Md Din MF, Ahmad MA

Water Sci Technol, 2007;56(8):179-85.
PMID: 17978446

This study aimed to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from organic wastes by mixed bacterial cultures using anaerobic-aerobic fermentation systems. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) was used as an organic source, which was cultivated in a two-step-process of acidogenesis and acid polymerization. POME was operated in a continuous flow anaerobic reactor to access volatile fatty acids (VFAs) for PHAs production. During fermentation, VFA concentration was produced in the range of 5 to 8 g/L and the COD concentration reduced up to 80% from 65 g/L. The VFA from anaerobic fermentation was then utilised for PHA production using a mixed culture in availability of aerobic bioreactor. Production of PHAs was recorded high when using a high volume of substrates because of the higher VFA concentration. Even though the maximum PHA content was observed at only 40% of the cell dried weight (CDW), their production and performance are significant in mixed microbial culture.

Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria, Aerobic/metabolism*; Bacteria, Anaerobic/metabolism*
Fulltext Development of seed treatments biofertilizer and nutrient uptake study using tracer technique for okra plants

Hoe, Phua Choo Kwai, Khairuddin Abdul Rahim, Ahmad Nazrul Abd Wahid

Jurnal Sains Nuklear Malaysia, 2013;25(1):16-23.
MyJurnal

Development of biofertilizer seed treatments for okra seeds were carried out by mixing phosphate
solubilising bacteria (AP 3) and plant growth promoter (AP 2) with adhesives. The seeds were
coated with inoculums and four types of adhesives namely, Gum Arabic; Polyethylene Glycol
(PEG); Sodium Alginate and Methycellulose respectively. From eight seed treatments, all seed
treatments significantly increased seed germinations except treatment T4 (Gum Arabic and AP3).
In general, maximum germination rates and log of viable cells were observed when treated with
polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG) mixed with AP2 (T7) and AP3 (T8). These results show that using
PEG as adhesive enhanced the germination rates and log of viable cells of AP2 and AP3. Thus,
PEG could be a good adhesive for seed treatment. In greenhouse experiment, okra seeds treatment
with AP2 and PEG (T1) showed the highest dry weight compared to other treatments. Seeds
treatment with AP3 and PEG (T2) showed higher contribution of N compare to seeds treatment
(T1). There were no significant different within seed treatments and urea treatment in okra yield.
All treatments significantly increased yields compared with control

Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria
Fulltext Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts of leaf, stem and root from different varieties of Labisa pumila Benth

Karimi E, Jaafar HZ, Ahmad S

Molecules, 2011 May 27;16(6):4438-50.
PMID: 21623314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16064438

A local herb, Kacip Fatimah, is famous amongst Malay women for its uses in parturition; however, its phytochemical contents have not been fully documented. Therefore, a study was performed to evaluate the phenolics, flavonoids, and total saponin contents, and antibacterial and antifungal properties of the leaf, stem and root of three varieties of Labisia pumila Benth. Total saponins were found to be higher in the leaves of all three varieties, compared to the roots and stems. Leaves of var. pumila exhibited significantly higher total saponin content than var. alata and lanceolata, with values of 56.4, 43.6 and 42.3 mg diosgenin equivalent/g dry weight, respectively. HPLC analyses of phenolics and flavonoids in all three varieties revealed the presence of gallic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, and myricetin in all plant parts. Higher levels of flavonoids (rutin, quercitin, kaempferol) were observed in var. pumila compared with alata and lanceolata, whereas higher accumulation of phenolics (gallic acid, pyrogallol) was recorded in var. alata, followed by pumila and lanceolata. Antibacterial activities of leaf, stem and root extracts of all varieties determined against both Gram positive (Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis B145, Bacillus cereus B43, Staphylococcus aureus S1431) and Gram negative (Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia K36, Escherichia coli E256, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PI96) pathogens showed that crude methanolic extracts are active against these bacteria at low concentrations, albeit with lower antibacterial activity compared to kanamycin used as the control. Antifungal activity of methanolic extracts of all plant parts against Fusarium sp., Candida sp. and Mucor using the agar diffusion disc exhibited moderate to appreciable antifungal activities compared to streptomycin used as positive control.

Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects*
Fulltext A Review and Bibliometric Analysis on Applications of Microbial Degradation of Hydrocarbon Contaminants in Arctic Marine Environment at Metagenomic and Enzymatic Levels

Verasoundarapandian G, Wong CY, Shaharuddin NA, Gomez-Fuentes C, Zulkharnain A, Ahmad SA

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021 02 09;18(4).
PMID: 33572432 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041671

The globe is presently reliant on natural resources, fossil fuels, and crude oil to support the world's energy requirements. Human exploration for oil resources is always associated with irreversible effects. Primary sources of hydrocarbon pollution are instigated through oil exploration, extraction, and transportation in the Arctic region. To address the state of pollution, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms and processes of the bioremediation of hydrocarbons. The application of various microbial communities originated from the Arctic can provide a better interpretation on the mechanisms of specific microbes in the biodegradation process. The composition of oil and consequences of hydrocarbon pollutants to the various marine environments are also discussed in this paper. An overview of emerging trends on literature or research publications published in the last decade was compiled via bibliometric analysis in relation to the topic of interest, which is the microbial community present in the Arctic and Antarctic marine environments. This review also presents the hydrocarbon-degrading microbial community present in the Arctic, biodegradation metabolic pathways (enzymatic level), and capacity of microbial degradation from the perspective of metagenomics. The limitations are stated and recommendations are proposed for future research prospects on biodegradation of oil contaminants by microbial community at the low temperature regions of the Arctic.

Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria/genetics
Control of microbiologically influenced corrosion using ultraviolet radiation

Akrima Abu Bakar, Muhammad Khairool Fahmy Mohd Ali, Norhazilan Md. Noor, Nordin Yahaya, Mardhiah Ismail, Ahmad Safuan A. Rashid

Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:1323-1331.

Baram Delta Operation had been producing oil and gas since 1960's and serious pipelines failure was reported in the year of 2005. The final investigation has concluded that one of the species of bacteria that has been identified to cause microbiologically influenced corrosion, specifically known as sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) was found to be one of the potential contributing factors to the incidents. This work investigates the potential use of ultraviolet (UV) radiation to inhibit the SRB consortium that was cultivated from the crude oil in one of the main trunk lines at Baram Delta Operation, Sarawak, Malaysia. The impact of UV exposure to bio-corrosion conditions on carbon steel coupon in certain samples for 28 days was discussed in this study. The samples were exposed to UV radiation based on variations of parameters, namely: time of UV exposure; and power of UV lamp. The significant changes on the amount of turbidity reading and metal loss of the steel coupon were recorded before and after experiment. The results showed that SRB growth has reduced rapidly for almost 90% after the UV exposure for both parameters as compared to the abiotic samples. Metal loss values were also decreased in certain exposure condition. Additionally, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was performed to observe the biofilm layer formed on the metal surface after its exposure to SRB. The evidence suggested that the efficiency of UV treatment against SRB growth could be influenced by the particular factors studied

Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria
Biosorption and bioreduction of Cr(VI) by locally isolated Cr-resistant bacteria

Zakaria ZA, Aruleswaran N, Kaur S, Ahmad WA

Water Sci Technol, 2007;56(8):117-23.
PMID: 17978439

Cr(VI) biosorption and bioreduction ability of locally isolated Cr-resistant bacteria was investigated using the shake-flask technique. A mixture of S. epidermidis and B. cereus showed the highest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) level at 750 mg/L Cr(VI) followed by S. aureus and Bacillus sp. of 250 mg/L, and A. haemolyticus of 70 mg/L. From the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, the treatment of cells with heat-acid resulted in the highest amount of Cr(VI) adsorped (78.25 mg/g dry wt. for S. epidermidis) compared to heat-acetone (67.93 mg/g dry wt. Bacillus sp.), heat only (36.05 mg/g dry wt. S. epidermidis) or untreated cells (45.40 mg/g dry wt. S. epidermidis and B. cereus). FTIR analysis showed the involvement of amine groups in Cr(VI) adsorption. In the bioreduction study, A. haemolyticus was able to completely reduce Cr(VI) up to 50 mg/L.

Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria/metabolism*
Fulltext Bacterial pathogens from the intestinal tracts of various species of cockroaches

Rampal L, Oothuman P, Jeffery J, Daud MZ, Shekhar C, Senan P, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 1983 Jun;38(2):104-7.
PMID: 6353184

Bacterial isolates were made from the intestinal tracts ofcarious species of cockroaches (Periplaneta americana, Periplaneta brunnea, Periplaneta australasiae, Neostylopyga rhombifolia, Nauphoeta cinerea) trapped from kitchens and stores (houses and hospital), Shigello, flexneri, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. were some of the bacteria isolated and identified.

Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria/isolation & purification*
Fulltext Do pathogens from corneal scraping show their true colours better in bactec bottles?

Logeswary, K., Hazlita, M.I., Wan Haslina, W.A.H., Then, K.Y., Aida, Z.M.Z.

Medicine & Health, 2017;12(1):150-153.
MyJurnal

Identification of causative organisms of clinically suspected microbial keratitis is very important so that appropriate targeted antimicrobial treatment can be offered to patients. The current routine method of corneal scraping specimens on to multiple agar culture plates for microbiological study is not really providing encouraging result. Our trial of modified technique of using BACTEC broth for three clinically suspected microbial keratitis cases worked 100% to identify the causative organisms in cases of microbial keratitis.
Keywords: culture media, cornea, keratitis

Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria
Fulltext Plant disease control: understanding the roles of toxins and phytoalexins in host-pathogen interaction

Magaji G. Usman, Tijjani Ahmadu, Adamu Jibrin Nayaya, Aisha M. Dodo

The Pertanika Journal of Scholarly Research Reviews, 2018;4(1):54-66.
MyJurnal

Naturally, plant habitats are exposed to several potential effects of biotic and different abiotic environmental challenges. Several types of micro-organisms namely; bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes, mites, insects, mammals and other herbivorous animals are found in large amounts in all ecosystems, which lead to considerable reduction in crop productivity. These organisms are agents carrying different diseases that can damage the plants through the secretion of toxic-microbial poisons that can penetrate in the plant tissues. Toxins are injurious substances that act on plant protoplast to influence disease development. In response to the stress effect, plants defend themselves by bearing some substances such as phytoalexins. Production of phytoalexins is one of the complex mechanisms through which plants exhibit disease resistance. Several findings specifically on phytoalexins have widen the understanding in the fields of plant biochemistry and molecular biology. However, this review reports the interaction of toxins and phytoalexins in plant-pathogen cycle, research progress on the association of phytoalexins with plant disease resistance as well as the role of the phytoalexins in plant disease control.

Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria
Antibiotics in chronic suppurative otitis media: a bacteriologic study

Indudharan R, Haq JA, Aiyar S

Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 1999 May;108(5):440-5.
PMID: 10335703

Conservative medical management of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is an important step in achieving a dry ear. Topical antibiotic ear drops and aural toilet form the mainstay of medical management of noncholesteatomatous CSOM. This study analyzes the causal organisms and their sensitivity to various antibiotics. Out of 382 swabs examined, the major organisms isolated were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.2%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (23.6%). The sensitivity of P. aeruginosa was 100% to ceftazidime, 98.9% to ciprofloxacin, 96.3% to gentamicin, and 95.4% to polymyxin B, whereas the sensitivity of S. aureus was 98.6% to ciprofloxacin, 97.4% to cloxacillin sodium, 96.5% to cotrimoxazole, and 90.7% to gentamicin. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was almost completely resistant to ampicillin (97.6%) and chloramphenicol (96.6%), whereas S. aureus was almost completely resistant to ampicillin (73.8%) and polymyxin B (98.3%). Among the available topical antibiotic preparations for use in the ear, we found that ciprofloxacin and gentamicin are the best choices.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use*; Bacteria/isolation & purification
Fulltext Bacterial and fungal keratitis in Upper Egypt: in vitro screening of enzymes, toxins and antifungal activity

Gharamah AA, Moharram AM, Ismail MA, Al-Hussaini AK

Indian J Ophthalmol, 2014 Feb;62(2):196-203.
PMID: 24008795 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.116463

This work was conducted to study the ability of bacterial and fungal isolates from keratitis cases in Upper Egypt to produce enzymes, toxins, and to test the isolated fungal species sensitivity to some therapeutic agents.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use*; Bacteria/drug effects; Bacteria/isolation & purification; Bacteria/metabolism; Bacterial Toxins/metabolism*; Eye Infections, Bacterial/drug therapy; Eye Infections, Bacterial/microbiology; Eye Infections, Bacterial/epidemiology*
Fulltext Bacterial and fungal endophthalmitis in upper Egypt: related species and risk factors

Gharamah AA, Moharram AM, Ismail MA, Al-Hussaini AK

Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 2012 Aug;2(8):655-9.
PMID: 23569989 DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60115-4

To study risk factors, contributing factors of bacterial and fungal endophthalmitis in Upper Egypt, test the isolated species sensitive to some therapeutic agents, and to investigate the air-borne bacteria and fungi in opthalmology operating rooms.

Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria/classification; Bacteria/drug effects; Bacteria/isolation & purification*; Bacterial Infections/microbiology; Bacterial Infections/epidemiology*
Characterization of pyrene and chrysene degradation by halophilic Hortaea sp. B15

Al Farraj DA, Hadibarata T, Yuniarto A, Syafiuddin A, Surtikanti HK, Elshikh MS, et al.

Bioprocess Biosyst Eng, 2019 Jun;42(6):963-969.
PMID: 30888502 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02096-8

Polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous and toxic pollutants that are dangerous to humans and living organism in aquatic environment. Normally, PAHs has lower molecular weight such as phenanthrene and naphthalene that are easy and efficient to degrade, but high-molecular-weight PAHs such as chrysene and pyrene are difficult to be biodegraded by common microorganism. This study investigated the isolation and characterization of a potential halophilic bacterium capable of utilizing two high-molecular-weight PAHs. At the end of the experiment (25-30 days of incubation), bacterial counts have reached a maximum level (over 40 × 1016 CFU/mL). The highest biodegradation rate of 77% of chrysene in 20 days and 92% of pyrene in 25 days was obtained at pH 7, temperature 25 °C, agitation of 150 rpm and Tween 80 surfactant showing to be the most impressive parameters for HMWPAHs biodegradation in this research. The metabolism of initial compounds revealed that Hortaea sp. B15 utilized pyrene to form phthalic acid while chrysene was metabolized to form 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid. The result showed that Hortaea sp. B15 can be promoted for the study of in situ biodegradation of high molecular weight PAH.

Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria/growth & development*
Fulltext Effect of frozen storage on the characteristics of a developed and commercial fish sausages

Al-Bulushi IM, Kasapis S, Dykes GA, Al-Waili H, Guizani N, Al-Oufi H

J Food Sci Technol, 2013 Dec;50(6):1158-64.
PMID: 24426029 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-011-0441-x

The effect of frozen storage on the physiochemical, chemical and microbial characteristics of two types of fish sausages was studied. Fish sausages developed (DFS) with a spice-sugar formulation and commercial fish sausages (CFS) were stored at -20 °C for 3 months. Fresh DFS contained 12.22% lipids and had a 3.53 cfu/g total bacteria count (TBC) whereas, CFS contained 5.5% lipids and had a 4.81 cfu/g TBC. During storage, TBC decreased significantly (p 0.05) in CFS. A peroxide value (PV) was not detectable until week four and eight of storage in CFS and DFS, respectively. The salt-soluble proteins (SSP) level was stable in DFS but in CFS it declined significantly (p 0.05) in both sausage types. This study showed that the effect of storage at -20 °C on fish sausages characteristics varied between formulations and depended on the ingredients of fish sausages.

Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria
Quantitative microbiological risk assessment of complex microbial community in Prawn farm wastewater and applicability of nanoparticles and probiotics for eliminating of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Noman E, Al-Gheethi A, Radin Mohamed RMS, Talip B, Al-Sahari M, Al-Shaibani M

J Hazard Mater, 2021 10 05;419:126418.
PMID: 34171673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126418

The current review highlighted the quantitative microbiological risk assessment of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Prawn farm wastewaters (PFWWs) and the applicability of nanoparticles for eliminating antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). The high availability of the antibiotics in the environment and their transmission into human through the food-chain might cause unknown health effects. The aquaculture environments are considered as a reservoir for the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and contributed effectively in the increasing of ABR. The metagenomic analysis is used to explore ARGs in the non-clinical environment. V. parahaemolyticus is among the pathogenic bacteria which are transmitted through sea food causing human acute gastroenteritis due to available thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh), adhesins, TDH related hemolysin (trh). The inactivation of pathogenic bacteria using nanoparticles act by disturbing the cell membrane, interrupting the transport system, DNA and mitochondria damage, and oxidizing the cellular component by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The chloramphenicol, nitrofurans, and nitroimidazole are among the prohibited drugs in fish and fishery product. The utilization of probiotics is the most effective and safe alternative for antibiotics in Prawn aquaculture. This review will ensure public understanding among the readers on how they can decrease the risk of the antimicrobial resistance distribution in the environment.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology; Bacteria/genetics

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