Displaying publications 81 - 100 of 340 in total

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  1. Chen CY, Kuo EW, Nagarajan D, Dong CD, Lee DJ, Varjani S, et al.
    Bioresour Technol, 2021 Jan 28;326:124773.
    PMID: 33548816 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124773
    In this study, process optimization for the microalgae-based piggery wastewater treatment was carried out by growing Chlorella sorokiniana AK-1 on untreated piggery wastewater with efficient COD/BOD/TN/TP removal and high biomass/protein productivities. Integration of the immobilization carriers (sponge, activated carbon) and semi-batch cultivation resulted in the effective treatment of raw untreated piggery wastewater. With 100% wastewater, 0.2% sponge and 2% activated carbon, the semi-batch cultivation (90% media replacement every 6 days) exhibited a COD, BOD, TN and TP removal efficiency of 95.7%, 99.0%, 94.1% and 96.9%, respectively. The maximal protein content, protein productivity, lutein content, and lutein productivity of the obtained microalgal biomass was 61.1%, 0.48 g/L/d, 4.56 mg/g, and 3.56 mg/L/d, respectively. The characteristics of the treated effluent satisfied Taiwan Piggery Wastewater Discharge Standards (COD 
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Standards
  2. Koh YM, Saleh MI, Tan SC
    J Chromatogr A, 2003 Feb 14;987(1-2):257-67.
    PMID: 12613820
    An investigation was conducted on the usage of a single-step extraction procedure involving the retention of a phenylboronate-salbutamol complex on an end-capped C18 solid-phase sorbent to determine the level of salbutamol in human plasma samples. Propranolol, a beta-blocker, was chosen as the internal standard for this assay. In this solid-phase clean-up method, 50 mM sodium carbonate buffer, pH 9.60, was used for conditioning the column as well as washing the endogenous interference. Under the optimal conditions, the recovery of salbutamol from spiked plasma samples was found to be high and reproducible with mean recoveries (n = 3) of more than 90% after elution by using 50% 1 M trifluoroacetic acid in methanol. This sample clean-up step was effectively analyzed under reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. The method was successfully applied to the routine measurement of salbutamol in human plasma from the bioequivalence study on the different administration route of salbutamol. Quantification of salbutamol was convincingly reported with the correlation of coefficient of 0.9980 for the concentration range from 0 to 1000 ng ml(-1). An adequate precision was achieved with both between- and within-day precisions of less than 10% (n = 6) for 100 and 1000 ng ml(-1) and less than 15% (n = 6) for 10 ng ml(-1).
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Standards
  3. Gholami K, Loh SY, Salleh N, Lam SK, Hoe SZ
    PLoS One, 2017;12(6):e0176368.
    PMID: 28591185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176368
    Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) is the most reliable and accurate technique for analyses of gene expression. Endogenous reference genes are being used to normalize qPCR data even though their expression may vary under different conditions and in different tissues. Nonetheless, verification of expression of reference genes in selected studied tissue is essential in order to accurately assess the level of expression of target genes of interest. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to examine six commonly used reference genes in order to identify the gene being expressed most constantly under the influence of testosterone in the kidneys and hypothalamus. The reference genes include glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), actin beta (ACTB), beta-2 microglobulin (B2m), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT), peptidylprolylisomerase A (Ppia) and hydroxymethylbilane synthase (Hmbs). The cycle threshold (Ct) value for each gene was determined and data obtained were analyzed using the software programs NormFinder, geNorm, BestKeeper, and rank aggregation. Results showed that Hmbs and Ppia genes were the most stably expressed in the hypothalamus. Meanwhile, in kidneys, Hmbs and GAPDH appeared to be the most constant genes. In conclusion, variations in expression levels of reference genes occur in kidneys and hypothalamus under similar conditions; thus, it is important to verify reference gene levels in these tissues prior to commencing any studies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Standards
  4. Norshazila, S., Irwandi, J., Othman, R., Yumi Zuhanis, H.H.
    MyJurnal
    Characterization and quantification of carotenoid compound is complicated, costly and timeconsuming. The accuracy and reliability of the data depend solely on the standard and to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis but the major constraint is to acquire and to maintain the pure standards. Carotenoid standards are commercially available but they are expensive and are prone to isomerization and oxidation. Thus, the purpose of this study is to establish an analytical method for isolating β-carotene by using open column chromatography (OCC) from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) to be used as one of the carotenoid standards for determination of total and individual carotenoid. Pumpkin with orange flesh has been chosen due to the non-seasonal nature and its availability all year-round. This study demonstrated that the purity of β-carotene standard; determined by HPLC was ranged from 92.21 to 97.95%. The standard curves with five different concentrations of β-carotene extract from pumpkins in triplicate were constructed by plotting the peak area against the concentration. The coefficient of correlation was 0.9936. Therefore, this study established that pumpkin can be a reliable source of beta-carotene standard as it is cheap and commonly available throughout the year.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Standards
  5. Sazali NH, Alshishani A, Saad B, Chew KY, Chong MM, Miskam M
    R Soc Open Sci, 2019 Aug;6(8):190952.
    PMID: 31598260 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190952
    In this study, salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) as a simple and efficient extraction technique followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed for the determination of vitamin D3 in milk samples. The sample treatment is based on the use of water-miscible acetonitrile as the extractant and acetonitrile phase separation under high-salt conditions. Under the optimum conditions, acetonitrile and ammonium sulfate were used as the extraction solvent and salting-out agent, respectively. The vitamin D3 extract was separated using Hypersil ODS (250x i.d 4.6 mm, 5 µm) HPLC column that was coupled with diode array detector. Vitamin D2 was used as internal standard (IS) to offset any variations in chromatographic conditions. The vitamin D3 and the IS were eluted in 18 min. Good linearity (r2 > 0.99) was obtained within the range of 25-600 ng g-1 with the limit of detection of 15 ng g-1 and limit of quantification of 25 ng g-1. The validated method was applied for the determination of vitamin D3 in milk samples. The recoveries for spiked samples were from 94.4 to 113.5%.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Standards
  6. Rahim, Z.H.A.
    Ann Dent, 1998;5(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    Saliva collection is non-invasive and less stressful when compared with blood collection. Extensive studies on saliva has been carried out and the use of saliva as a biological sample in clinical diagnosis and for monitoring hormones, drugs and pollutants and viruses has been recommended. The complexities associated with saliva such as proper collection device and strict standardisation of a number of factors which include time of collection, types of saliva and storage made it less favourable to blood.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Standards
  7. Khadijah Abdul Hamid, Sazilah Ahmad Sarji, Mohammad Nazri Md Shah, Ibrahim Lutfi Shuaib
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the usefulness of SPECT-CT in differentiating metastatic and degenerative disease of the spine. Methods: Twenty-eight patients aged 50 years and above diagnosed with various cancers were referred for whole body (WB) planar bone scintigraphy. Those with a maximum three foci of tracer up- take in the spine were selected for the study. SPECT-CT of these areas of uptake was performed and the lesions were classified as degenerative, indeterminate or metastasis. A repeat study (WB planar bone scintigraphy and SPECT-CT) was performed between 3 to 12 months later. These areas of uptake were reassessed and compared with the first WB planar bone scintigraphy and SPECT-CT. The second SPECT-CT was used as the standard for the diagnosis. Results: Thirty-seven lesions in 28 patients were assessed. The sensitivity of the first WB planar bone scintigraphy, second WB planar bone scintigraphy and first SPECT-CT is 75%, 62.5% and 75% respectively. The specificity of the first WB planar bone scintigraphy, second WB planar bone scintigraphy and first SPECT-CT is 86%, 93%, 90% respectively. There was 2.7% of ‘indeterminate lesion’ in the first WB planar bone scintigraphy, 5.4% in the second WB planar bone scintigraphy, and 5.4% in the first SPECT-CT. The indeterminate lesions were resolved in the second SPECT-CT. Conclusion: SPECT- CT is useful in differentiating degenerative disease from metastatic lesions in the spine.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Standards
  8. AHMED, ABUBAKAR, MURTALA MUHAMMAD
    MyJurnal
    Despite the reported limitations of the qualitative research in comparison to other methodologies, we contend that the common criticisms against it are too often using criteria explicitly analogous to quantitative reasoning. We critically analysed the reported limitations of qualitative research in the literature to deconstruct the conflicting discourses that enable an understanding of their subjectivity. Also, we provide a philosophical justification that both qualitative and quantitative methodologies are appropriate for studying a different form of reality. Lincoln and Guba’s four principles for determining the quality of qualitative research rigour along with confirmability, transferability, credibility and dependability are deemed appropriate rather than the commonly employed internal and external validity, reliability and objectivity. Finally, we argued that a widespread use of a different standard for judging the quality of qualitative research consequential to its philosophical stance is the panacea for the unfair criticisms in the future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Standards
  9. Wan Ling Chew, Kaur Satvinder, Serene En Hui Tung, Ai Ni Teoh, Choon Ming Ng
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Early environmental factors play a major role in shaping the health of an individual. Dietary prefer- ence and habits shaped by parental feeding practice during childhood are likely to persist into adulthood which further determines body weights status. This study aimed to determine the retrospective child feeding practices asso- ciated with obesity risk in young adults. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study with 176 university students in Kuala Lumpur. Data of maternal age, gestational age and feeding practices were collected retrospectively using Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ). Subject’s current socio-demographic data was collected and anthropo- metric measurements were taken using standard protocol. Results: Around 22% of the subjects were overweight/ obese. No significant association was found between child feeding practices with maternal age. A significant asso- ciation (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Standards
  10. Pravina Jeevanaraj, Samala Munianddey, Zailina Hashim
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Due to rapid urbanization, Malaysia is currently undergoing extensive amount of construction activities and significant rise in the construction waste. Improper construction wastes management practices have led to rise in the waste open dumping sites which may significantly affect the environment and public health. This study was undertaken to assess air pollution in such a site and the impact to the respiratory health of children studying in a nearby school. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in Sungai Buloh (exposed) and Kuala Selangor (comparative). Concentration of PM10 was monitored at the open dumping site (n=15), a nearby primary school (n=45) and a comparative primary school (n=12). Parents who gave consent (n=229) answered a questionnaire related to child’s respiratory health whereas their children participated in lung function assessment. Results: Concentration of PM10 at the dumping site, exposed school and comparative school was 0.245±0.048mg/ m3 , 0.270±0.020mg/m3 and 0.051±0.016mg/m3 respectively, with the first two significantly exceeded the 24-hour Malaysian Air Quality Standard (MAQS) for PM10 (0.150mg/m3 ). Besides, PM10 concentration in the exposed school was similar to the dumping site (p>0.05) and many folds higher than the comparative school (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Standards
  11. Viecelli AK, Tong A, O'Lone E, Ju A, Hanson CS, Sautenet B, et al.
    Am J Kidney Dis, 2018 05;71(5):690-700.
    PMID: 29478866 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2017.12.003
    Vascular access outcomes in hemodialysis are critically important for patients and clinicians, but frequently are neither patient relevant nor measured consistently in randomized trials. A Standardized Outcomes in Nephrology-Hemodialysis (SONG-HD) consensus workshop was convened to discuss the development of a core outcome measure for vascular access. 13 patients/caregivers and 46 professionals (clinicians, policy makers, industry representatives, and researchers) attended. Participants advocated for vascular access function to be a core outcome based on the broad applicability of function regardless of access type, involvement of a multidisciplinary team in achieving a functioning access, and the impact of access function on quality of life, survival, and other access-related outcomes. A core outcome measure for vascular access required demonstrable feasibility for implementation across different clinical and trial settings. Participants advocated for a practical and flexible outcome measure with a simple actionable definition. Integrating patients' values and preferences was warranted to enhance the relevance of the measure. Proposed outcome measures for function included "uninterrupted use of the access without the need for interventions" and "ability to receive prescribed dialysis," but not "access blood flow," which was deemed too expensive and unreliable. These recommendations will inform the definition and implementation of a core outcome measure for vascular access function in hemodialysis trials.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Standards
  12. Darmawan MA, Muhammad BZ, Harahap AFP, Ramadhan MYA, Sahlan M, Haryuni, et al.
    Heliyon, 2020 Dec;6(12):e05742.
    PMID: 33364505 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05742
    Tengkawang fat (Shorea stenoptera), from an indigenous plant of the Kalimantan forest, has excellent potential as an alternative source of vegetable fat because it has a high level of fatty acids composition. Activated natural bentonite can be used as a bleaching agent to improve the quality of tengkawang fat. This research aims to reduce the acidity, peroxide number values and identify the physicochemical properties (fatty acid composition, nutrients, and thermal) of tengkawang butter. Initially, tengkawang samples from Nanga Yen and Sintang were pre-treated using the degumming process with 1% phosphoric acid and the neutralization process with a 1 M NaOH 10% w/w solution. The results show that the acidity (mg NaOH/g) of the tengkawang fat samples was reduced from 11.00 to 3.36 when using bentonite activated at 200 °C. The bentonite activated with 0.5 M HCl reduced the acidity to 3.61. The peroxide number (meq O2/kg) of the tengkawang fat samples was reduced from 9.45 to 4.84 and 3.47 by bleaching with thermal-activated and acid-activated bentonites, respectively. Peroxide value correlates with β-carotene content. The smaller of the β-carotene content, the smaller the peroxide value. The acidity, peroxide number, and iodine number values from tengkawang fat after treatment adhere to the SNI 2903: 2016 standard. The main content of fatty acids in tengkawang fat is palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid. These results show that both products are suitable for the food industry in terms of the acid and peroxide numbers. The application of this research results will assist local people in increasing the economic value of the product from tengkawang plant, which is an indigenous plant from Kalimantan.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Standards
  13. Muhamad Imran Abdulah, Ikmal Abdul Hakim, Rosni Amin, Rosliza Parumo, Ma, Bee Chai, Noraziyah Abdul Aziz, et al.
    Q Bulletin, 2020;1(29):16-27.
    MyJurnal
    The Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery at Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru started managing patients who lost their eyeballs with ocular prosthesis in 2013. Unfortunately, there was an increasing trend of failed ocular prosthesis from 2013-2015. The failure rate went from 28.6% in 2013 to 40% in 2014 and increased to 44.4% in 2015. Failed ocular prosthesis not only leads to dissatisfied patients but also an increase in cost due to redoing of prosthesis. The objective of this project was to reduce the incidence rate of failed ocular prosthesis. A failed case is when the prosthesis does not pass the issue stage and has to be redone from the beginning. The standard failure rate is 0%, as the average number of cases per year is only about 10 cases. We determined the contributing factors of failed ocular prosthesis by analysing retrospective data from patients’ dental and lab records. This was followed by a self-administered questionnaire on reasons for failed cases which was distributed among the dentists and lab technicians in our department. The contributing factors that were identified included insufficient knowledge or skill of dentist and lab technicians in the construction of the ocular prosthesis, as well as improper screening of new cases which was the main factor of all the failed cases. The strategies for change included improving the process of care by creating a checklist for proper screening of new patients, mentoring of new staff, and continuous training on construction of ocular prosthesis, Fabricated Iris Mould innovation technique and early referral for insertion of eye conformer. The interventions that were implemented reduced the failure rate to 20% in 2016 followed by 0% in 2017, 2018 and 2019. Ongoing efforts are being done to replicate this project in other Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery clinics in Johor.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Standards
  14. Meor Yusoff, M.S., Masliana, M., Wilfred, P.
    MyJurnal
    Even though EDXRF analysis has major advantages in the analysis of stainless steel samples such as simultaneous determination of the minor elements, analysis can be done without sample preparation and non-destructive analysis, the matrix issue arised from the inter element interaction can make the the final quantitative result to be in accurate. The paper relates a comparative quantitative analysis using standard and standardless methods in the determination of these elements. Standard method was done by plotting regression calibration graphs of the interested elements using BCS certified stainless steel standards. Different calibration plots were developed based on the available certified standards and these stainless steel grades include low alloy steel, austentic, ferritic and high speed. The standardless method on the other hand uses a mathematical modelling with matrix effect correction derived from Lucas-Tooth and Price model. Further
    improvement on the accuracy of the standardless method was done by inclusion of pure elements into the development of the model. Discrepancy tests were then carried out for these quantitative methods on different certified samples and the results show that the high speed method is most reliable for determining of Ni and the standardless method for Mn.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Standards
  15. Yap DYH, McMahon LP, Hao CM, Hu N, Okada H, Suzuki Y, et al.
    Nephrology (Carlton), 2021 Feb;26(2):105-118.
    PMID: 33222343 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13835
    Renal anaemia is a common and important complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The current standard-of-care treatment for renal anaemia in CKD patients involves ensuring adequate iron stores and administration of erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESA). Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) is a key transcription factor primarily involved in the cellular regulation and efficiency of oxygen delivery. Manipulation of the HIF pathway by the use of HIF-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHI) has emerged as a novel approach for renal anaemia management. Despite it being approved for clinical use in various Asia-Pacific countries, its novelty mandates the need for nephrologists and clinicians generally in the region to well understand potential benefits and harms when prescribing this class of drug. The Asian Pacific society of nephrology HIF-PHI Recommendation Committee, formed by a panel of 11 nephrologists from the Asia-Pacific region who have clinical experience or have been investigators in HIF-PHI studies, reviewed and deliberated on the clinical and preclinical data concerning HIF-PHI. This recommendation summarizes the consensus views of the committee regarding the use of HIF-PHI, taking into account both available data and expert opinion in areas where evidence remains scarce.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Standards
  16. Paroha S, Verma J, Dubey RD, Dewangan RP, Molugulu N, Bapat RA, et al.
    Int J Pharm, 2021 Jan 05;592:120043.
    PMID: 33152476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120043
    Cancer is a community health hazard which progress at a fatal rate in various countries across the globe. An agent used for chemotherapy should exhibit ideal properties to be an effective anticancer medicine. The chemotherapeutic medicines used for treatment of various cancers are, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, etoposide, methotrexate, cisplatin, doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil. However, many of these agents present nonspecific systemic toxicity that prevents their treatment efficiency. Of all, gemcitabine has shown to be an active agent against colon, pancreatic, colon, ovarian, breast, head and neck and lung cancers in amalgamation with various anticancer agents. Gemcitabine is considered a gold-standard and the first FDA approved agent used as a monotherapy in management of advanced pancreatic cancers. However due to its poor pharmacokinetics, there is need of newer drug delivery system for efficient action. Nanotechnology has shown to be an emerging trend in field of medicine in providing novel modalities for cancer treatment. Various nanocarriers have the potential to deliver the drug at the desired site to obtain information about diagnosis and treatment of cancer. This review highlights on various nanocarriers like polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes, dendrimers, gold nanoparticles and combination approaches for delivery of gemcitabine for cancer therapy. The co-encapsulation and concurrent delivery of Gem with other anticancer agents can enhance drug action at the cancer site with reduced side effects.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Standards
  17. Al-Talib H, Yean CY, Al-Khateeb A, Hasan H, Ravichandran M
    J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 2014 Dec;47(6):484-90.
    PMID: 23927820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2013.06.004
    Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major pathogen responsible for significant numbers of nosocomial and community-acquired infections worldwide. Molecular diagnosis for MRSA nasal carriers is increasingly important for rapid detection and screening of MRSA colonization because the conventional methods are time consuming and labor intensive. However, conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests still require cold-chain storage as well as trained personnel, which makes them unsuitable for rapid high-throughput analysis. The aim of this study was to develop a thermostabilized PCR assay for MRSA in a ready-to-use form that requires no cold chain.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Standards
  18. A Razak NF, Abd Karim RH, Jamal JA, Said MM
    J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 2020 Nov;12(Suppl 2):S752-S757.
    PMID: 33828373 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_364_19
    Introduction: The appendage of "halal" to a product is not just a guarantee that the product is permitted for Muslims, but it has also become favorable lifestyle choice globally. However, the expansion of halal pharmaceutical market was hindered by lack of global halal standards for pharmaceutical ingredients and product integrity analytical methodology.

    Objective: This work aimed to explore the possibility of using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics to develop multivariate models to authenticate the "halal-ity" of pharmaceutical excipients with controversial halal status (e.g., magnesium stearate).

    Materials and Methods: The FTIR spectral fingerprints of the substance were used to build principal component analysis (PCA) models. The effects of different spectral pretreatment processes such as auto-scaling, baseline correction, standard normal variate (SNV), first, and second derivatives were evaluated. The optimization of the model performance was established to ensure the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the predicted models.

    Results: Significant peaks corresponding to the properties of the compound were identified. For both bovine and plant-derived magnesium stearate, the peaks associated can be seen within the regions 2900cm-1 (C-H), 2800cm-1 (CH3), 1700cm-1 (C=O), and 1000-1300cm-1 (C-O). There was not much difference observed in the FTIR raw spectra of the samples from both sources. The quality and accuracy of the classification models by PCA and soft independent modeling classification analogy (SIMCA) have shown to improve using spectra optimized by first derivative followed by SNV smoothing.

    Conclusion: This rapid and cost-effective technique has the potential to be expanded as an authentication strategy for halal pharmaceuticals.

    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Standards
  19. Zhao L, Yu M, Sun M, Xue X, Wang T, Cao W, et al.
    Molecules, 2017 Nov 10;22(11).
    PMID: 29125569 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111935
    A reliable, rapid analytical method was established for the characterization of constituents of the ethanol extract of geopropolis (EEGP) produced by Malaysian stingless bees-Heterotrigona itama-by combining ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS). Based on known standards, the online METLIN database, and published literature, 28 compounds were confirmed. Phenolic acids, flavones, triterpenes and phytosterol were identified or tentatively identified using characteristic diagnostic fragment ions. The results indicated that terpenoids were the main components of EEGP, accompanied by low levels of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and phytosterol. Two major components were further purified by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (PHPLC) and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as 24(E)-cycloart-24-ene-26-ol-3-one and 20-hydroxy-24-dammaren-3-one. These two triterpenes, confirmed in this geopropolis for the first time, are potential chemical markers for the identification of geopropolis from Malaysian stingless bees, H. itama.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Standards
  20. Oyedele DT, Sah SA, Kairuddinand L, Wan Ibrahim WM
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2015 Dec;26(2):27-44.
    PMID: 26868708 MyJurnal
    Studies of habitat suitability (HS) are essential when animals' habitats have been altered or when animals migrate to a habitat different from their natural habitat. This study assessed HS and used an integrated geographic information system in the assessment of Rattus norvegicus in a highly developed urban environment. Using data from the Campbell market and the police quarters of George Town, Malaysia, home range (through the use of 100% Minimum Convex Polygon [MCP], 95% MCP and 95% Harmonic Mean [HM]) was estimated. Home range for male rats at Campbell market reached an asymptote, with a slight increase, at 96 radio fixes (home range = 133.52 m(2); core area = 29.39 m(2)). Female rats reached an asymptote at 62 radio fixes (home range = 13.38 m(2); core area = 9.17 m(2)). At Campbell market, male rats emerged at 1900 hours every day, whereas females emerged at 2000 hours; at police quarters, the most common time of emergence for males was 2000 hours and for females was 2200. Raster charts of R. norvegicus showed that rat hot spots can be grouped into 4 zones (market, shop houses, settlement and general places). The standardised raster chart isolated the market as the major rallying points of the rats (hot spots) by producing the highest rats frequencies of 255. All of the habitat suitability thresholds, including the built-up points, skip bins, water source and nature of the site explored in this study, produced a structural pattern (monotonic increase or decrease) of habitat suitability.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Standards
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