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Fulltext Exogenous application of moringa leaf extract improves growth, biochemical attributes, and productivity of late-sown quinoa

Rashid N, Khan S, Wahid A, Ibrar D, Irshad S, Bakhsh A, et al.

PLoS One, 2021;16(11):e0259214.
PMID: 34748570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259214

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has gained significant popularity among agricultural scientists and farmers throughout the world due to its high nutritive value. It is cultivated under a range of soil and climatic conditions; however, late sowing adversely affects its productivity and yield due to shorter growth period. Inorganic and organic phyto-stimulants are promising for improving growth, development, and yield of field crops under stressful environments. Field experiments were conducted during crop cultivation seasons of 2016-17 and 2017-18, to explore the role of inorganic (hydrogen peroxide and ascorbic acid) and organic [moringa leaf extract (MLE) and sorghum water extract (sorgaab)] phyto-stimulants in improving growth and productivity of quinoa (cultivar UAF-Q7). Hydrogen peroxide at 100 μM, ascorbic acid at 500 μM, MLE at 3% and sorgaab at 3% were exogenously applied at anthesis stage of quinoa cultivated under normal (November 21st and 19th during 2016 and 2017) and late-sown (December 26th and 25th during 2016 and 2017) conditions. Application of inorganic and organic phyto-stimulants significantly improved biochemical, physiological, growth and yield attributes of quinoa under late sown conditions. The highest improvement in these traits was recorded for MLE. Application of MLE resulted in higher chlorophyll a and b contents, stomatal conductance, and sub-stomatal concentration of CO2 under normal and late-sowing. The highest improvement in soluble phenolics, anthocyanins, free amino acids and proline, and mineral elements in roots, shoot and grains were observed for MLE application. Growth attributes, including plant height, plant fresh weight and panicle length were significantly improved with MLE application as compared to the rest of the treatments. The highest 1000-grain weight and grain yield per plant were noted for MLE application under normal and late-sowing. These findings depict that MLE has extensive crop growth promoting potential through improving physiological and biochemical activities. Hence, MLE can be applied to improve growth and productivity of quinoa under normal and late-sown conditions.

Matched MeSH terms: Anthocyanins/pharmacology*
Roselle is cardioprotective in diet-induced obesity rat model with myocardial infarction

Si LY, Ali SAM, Latip J, Fauzi NM, Budin SB, Zainalabidin S

Life Sci, 2017 Dec 15;191:157-165.
PMID: 29066253 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.10.030

AIMS: Obesity increase the risks of hypertension and myocardial infarction (MI) mediated by oxidative stress. This study was undertaken to investigate the actions of roselle aqueous extract (R) on cardiotoxicity in obese (OB) rats and thereon OB rats subjected to MI.
MAIN METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with either normal diet or high-fat diet for 8weeks. Firstly, OB rats were divided into (1) OB and (2) OB+R (100mg/kg, p.o, 28days). Then, OB rats were subjected to MI (ISO, 85mg/kg, s.c, 2days) and divided into three groups: (1) OB+MI, (2) OB+MI+R and (3) OB+MI+enalapril for another 4weeks.
KEY FINDINGS: Roselle ameliorated OB and OB+MI's cardiac systolic dysfunction and reduced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. The increased oxidative markers and decreased antioxidant enzymes in OB and OB+MI groups were all attenuated by roselle.
SIGNIFICANCE: These observations indicate the protective effect of roselle on cardiac dysfunction in OB and OB+MI rats, which suggest its potential to be developed as a nutraceutical product for obese and obese patients with MI in the future.

Matched MeSH terms: Anthocyanins/isolation & purification; Anthocyanins/therapeutic use*; Anthocyanins/chemistry
Fulltext Vibration-assisted forward osmosis process for Mao (Antidesma bunius L. Spreng) juice concentration: water flux enhancement and preservation of phytochemicals

Sirinupong, T., Tirawat, D., Lau, W. J., Youravong, W.

International Food Research Journal, 2020;27(6):1156-1166.
MyJurnal

The experimental water flux of the forward osmosis (FO) process is much lower than the
theoretical flux due to the existence of the internal concentration polarisation (ICP), external
concentration polarisation (ECP), and membrane fouling. In the present work, vibration was
integrated with the FO process to enhance water flux in water and Mao (Antidesma bunius L.
Spreng) juice concentration. In addition, the capability of the FO process in preserving
phytochemicals was studied. The use of the vibration assisted technique could enhance the
water flux up to 23% during the FO process of distilled water due to the reduction of ICP, and
a much higher water flux enhancement (up to 70%) was attained during the FO of Mao juice
due to the reduction of ICP, ECP, and fouling. Phytochemicals including total phenolic
compounds, anthocyanin, and ascorbic acid were preserved up to 82.7, 72.6, and 95.9%,
respectively. These results suggest that membrane vibration is a promising technique for the
enhancement of the FO process performance.

Matched MeSH terms: Anthocyanins
Fulltext Antibacterial Properties and Effects of Fruit Chilling and Extract Storage on Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Anthocyanin Content of Four Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) Cultivars

Samad MA, Hashim SH, Simarani K, Yaacob JS

Molecules, 2016 Mar 26;21(4):419.
PMID: 27023514 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040419

Phoenix dactylifera or date palm fruits are reported to contain natural compounds that exhibit antioxidant and antibacterial properties. This research aimed to study the effect of fruit chilling at 4 °C for 8 weeks, extract storage at -20 °C for 5 weeks, and extraction solvents (methanol or acetone) on total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity and antibacterial properties of Saudi Arabian P. dactylifera cv Mabroom, Safawi and Ajwa, as well as Iranian P. dactylifera cv Mariami. The storage stability of total anthocyanin content (TAC) was also evaluated, before and after storing the extracts at -20 °C and 4 °C respectively, for 5 weeks. Mariami had the highest TAC (3.18 ± 1.40 mg cyd 3-glu/100 g DW) while Mabroom had the lowest TAC (0.54 ± 0.15 mg cyd 3-glu/100 g DW). The TAC of all extracts increased after storage. The chilling of date palm fruits for 8 weeks prior to solvent extraction elevated the TPC of all date fruit extracts, except for methanolic extracts of Mabroom and Mariami. All IC50 values of all cultivars decreased after the fruit chilling treatment. Methanol was a better solvent compared to acetone for the extraction of phenolic compounds in dates. The TPC of all cultivars extracts decreased after 5 weeks of extract storage. IC50 values of all cultivars extracts increased after extract storage except for the methanolic extracts of Safawi and Ajwa. Different cultivars exhibited different antibacterial properties. Only the methanolic extract of Ajwa exhibited antibacterial activity against all four bacteria tested: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli. These results could be useful to the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries in the development of natural compound-based products.

Matched MeSH terms: Anthocyanins/isolation & purification; Anthocyanins/chemistry
Fulltext Vermicompost Supplementation Improves the Stability of Bioactive Anthocyanin and Phenolic Compounds in Clinacanthus nutans Lindau

Yusof Z, Ramasamy S, Mahmood NZ, Yaacob JS

Molecules, 2018 Jun 04;23(6).
PMID: 29867000 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061345

This project studied the effect of vermicompost application on the composition of bioactive anthocyanin and phenolic compounds, and the antioxidant activity of Clinacanthus nutans. The correlation between the bioactive constituents and antioxidant capacity was also evaluated. In this project, a field study was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four treatment groups, including control plants (CC), plants supplied with chemical fertilizer (CF), plants supplied with vermicompost (VC), and plants supplied with mixed fertilizer (MF). The leaves of C. nutans from all treatment groups were harvested, subjected to solvent extraction, and used for quantification of total anthocyanin content (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC). The initial antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays, as well as after two and four weeks of storage at -20 °C and 4 °C. Data analysis showed that CC plants contained the highest TAC (2180.14 ± 338.43 µg/g dry weight) and TFC (276.25 ± 3.09 mg QE/g dry weight). On the other hand, CF plants showed the highest TPC (181.53 ± 35.58 mg GAE/g dry weight). Moreover, we found that CC plants had the highest antioxidant potential against DPPH radicals whereas MF plants showed the lowest antioxidant potential. After four weeks of extract storage at -20 °C and 4 °C, the TPC, TFC, TAC, and antioxidant potential of the extracts decreased. Extracts from VC showed the lowest percentage of total phenolic and total flavonoid loss after extract storage at -20 °C and 4 °C compared with other plant extracts. At this juncture, it could be deduced that the application of vermicompost had little effect on the expression of phenolics, flavonoids, or anthocyanin in C. nutans. However, the extract from plants treated with vermicompost (VC and MF) showed better stability compared with CC and CF after extract storage at different temperatures.

Matched MeSH terms: Anthocyanins/pharmacology; Anthocyanins/chemistry*
Pectin-interactions and the digestive stability of anthocyanins in thermal and non-thermal processed strawberry pulp

Xing Y, Wang K, Zhang M, Law CL, Lei H, Wang J, et al.

Food Chem, 2023 Oct 30;424:136456.
PMID: 37267648 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136456

This study investigated the digestive stability of anthocyanins (ACNs) and their interaction with three pectin fractions-water-soluble pectin (WSP), cyclohexanetrans-1,2-diamine tetra-acetic acid-soluble pectin (CSP), and sodium carbonate-soluble pectin (NSP)-in strawberry pulp processed by pasteurization (PS), ultrasound (US), electron beam (EB) irradiation, and high pressure (HP). Compared with the control group, the ACNs content increased to the highest level (312.89 mg/mL), but the retention rate of ACNs in the simulated intestine decreased significantly after US treatment. The monosaccharide compositions indicated that the WSP and CSP possessed more homogalacturonan (HG) domains than the NSP, which contains more rhamngalacturonan-I (RG-I) domains. The microstructure of US-treated pectin was damaged and fragmented. Comprehensive analysis showed that the retention rate of ACNs was closely related to the pectin structure, primarily reflected by the degree of linearity and the integrity of structure. These results revealed the structure-activity relationship between ACNs and pectin during pulp processing.

Matched MeSH terms: Anthocyanins/chemistry
Fulltext Effect of different drying methods on the antioxidant properties of Vitex negundo Linn. tea

Rabeta, M. S., Vithyia, M.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(6):3171-3176.
MyJurnal

This study was done to determine the effects of different thermal drying methods (sun drying, microwave drying and hot air oven drying) on the total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content and the antioxidant properties of Vitex negundo (VN) tea. Significant decline (P < 0.05) in antioxidant properties of hot air oven drying shows that this method is not the best method to preserve antioxidant compounds in VN tea. As a conclusion, microwave drying has been found to be a good method for maintain the TPC, anthocyanin content and AEAC in dried sample of VN tea.

Matched MeSH terms: Anthocyanins
Fulltext Early studies on protoplast isolation of Ludisia discolor, a wild orchid

Poobathy, Ranjetta, Rahmad Zakaria, Syed Mohd. Edzham Syed Hamzah, Subramaniam, Sreeramanan

Trop Life Sci Res, 2016;27(11):15-19.
MyJurnal

The terrestrial Ludisia discolor, also referred to as the jewel orchid is prized for
the quality of its leaves. L. discolor is known as a medicinal herb and is touted for its heatand
pathogen-resisting qualities. L. discolor is valuable in the production of both flavonoids
and anthocyanins, antioxidants that are exalted in the health industry. Plant cell cultures
have emerged as alternative sources of anthocyanin production. Plant protoplast cultures
are used frequently in transient gene expression studies and in the establishment of callus
and cell suspension cultures. Benefits of plant protoplast system include similarity to cells
found in plant tissues, reproduction under controlled conditions, and prevention of masking
of stress responses to previous handling techniques. A study was conducted to assess the
amenability of the stem and leaves of L. discolor to protoplast isolation. The stem and leaf
segments were weighed, sliced into thin layers, immersed in a digestion medium, washed
and then cultured onto a recovery medium. Results indicated that the production of plant
protoplasts from L. discolor may be viewed as an alternative in the generation of cell
cultures and ultimately in the production of anthocyanins from the cell cultures.

Matched MeSH terms: Anthocyanins
Fulltext Autofluorescence study and selected cyanidin quantification in the Jewel orchids Anoectochilus sp. and Ludisia discolor

Poobathy R, Zakaria R, Murugaiyah V, Subramaniam S

PLoS One, 2018;13(4):e0195642.
PMID: 29649288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195642

Anoectochilus sp. and Ludisia discolor are known as Jewel orchids. Both species are terrestrial wild orchids that grow in shaded areas of forests. The Jewel orchids are renowned for the beauty of their leaves, which are dark-green laced with silvery or golden veins. The orchids are used as a cure in various parts of Asia. Overharvesting and anthropogenic disturbances threaten the existence of the Jewel orchids in the wild, necessitating human intervention in their survival. An understanding of the structure and adaptations of a plant may assist in its survival when propagated outside of its habitat. In this study, ex vitro leaves of Anoectochilus sp. and L. discolor were subjected to freehand sectioning, and then inspected through brightfield and fluorescence microscopy. The study indicated that all parts of both plants presented typical monocotyledonous characteristics except the leaves. The leaves displayed dorsiventrality with distinct palisade and spongy mesophyll layers. The spongy mesophyll layer contained cells which fluoresced a bright red when exposed to ultraviolet, blue, and green light wavelengths, hinting at the presence of anthocyanins for photoprotection. Cyanidin was detected in the leaves of L. discolor, as enumerated through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The observations indicated that Anoectochilus sp. and L. discolor are well-adapted to live under shaded conditions with minimal exposure to light.

Matched MeSH terms: Anthocyanins/analysis*; Anthocyanins/chemistry
Impact of ultraviolet radiation treatments on the physicochemical properties, antioxidants, enzyme activity and microbial load in freshly prepared hand pressed strawberry juice

Bhat R, Stamminger R

Food Sci Technol Int, 2015 Jul;21(5):354-63.
PMID: 24867944 DOI: 10.1177/1082013214536708

Freshly prepared, hand-pressed strawberry fruit juice was exposed to ultraviolet radiation (254 nm) at room temperature (25 ℃ ± 1 ℃) for 15, 30 and 60 min with 0 min serving as control. Results revealed decrease in pH, total soluble solids and titratable acidity, while colour parameters (L*, a* and b* values) and clarity of juice (% transmittance) increased significantly. All the results corresponded to exposure time to ultraviolet radiation. Bioactive compounds (total phenolics, ascorbic acid and anthocyanins) decreased along with a recorded reduction in polyphenol oxidase enzyme and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging activities, which were again dependent on exposure time. Results on the microbial studies showed significant reduction by 2-log cycles in aerobic plate count as well as in total yeast and mould counts. Though negative results were observed for certain parameters, this is the first time it was endeavoured to demonstrate the impact of ultraviolet radiation radiation on freshly prepared, hand-pressed strawberries juice.

Matched MeSH terms: Anthocyanins/chemistry
α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Selected Malaysian Plants

Mohd Bukhari DA, Siddiqui MJ, Shamsudin SH, Rahman MM, So'ad SZM

J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 2017 Jul-Sep;9(3):164-170.
PMID: 28979070 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_35_17

Diabetes is a common metabolic disease indicated by unusually high plasma glucose level that can lead to major complications such as diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases. One of the effective therapeutic managements of the disease is to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia through inhibition of α-glucosidase, a carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzyme to retard overall glucose absorption. In recent years, a plenty of research works have been conducted looking for novel and effective α-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) from natural sources as alternatives for the synthetic AGI due to their unpleasant side effects. Plants and herbs are rich with secondary metabolites that have massive pharmaceutical potential. Besides, studies showed that phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, anthocyanins, glycosides, and phenolic compounds possess significant inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase enzyme. Malaysia is a tropical country that is rich with medicinal herbs. In this review, we focus on eight Malaysian plants with the potential as AGI to develop a potential functional food or lead compounds against diabetes.

Matched MeSH terms: Anthocyanins
Superfruits: Phytochemicals, antioxidant efficacies, and health effects - A comprehensive review

Chang SK, Alasalvar C, Shahidi F

Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2019;59(10):1580-1604.
PMID: 29360387 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1422111

The term "superfruit" has gained increasing usage and attention recently with the marketing strategy to promote the extraordinary health benefits of some exotic fruits, which may not have worldwide popularity. This has led to many studies with the identification and quantification of various groups of phytochemicals. This contribution discusses phytochemical compositions, antioxidant efficacies, and potential health benefits of the main superfruits such as açai, acerola, camu-camu, goji berry, jaboticaba, jambolão, maqui, noni, and pitanga. Novel product formulations, safety aspects, and future perspectives of these superfruits have also been covered. Research findings from the existing literature published within the last 10 years have been compiled and summarized. These superfruits having numerous phytochemicals (phenolic acids, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, iridoids, coumarins, hydrolysable tannins, carotenoids, and anthocyanins) together with their corresponding antioxidant activities, have increasingly been utilized. Hence, these superfruits can be considered as a valuable source of functional foods due to the phytochemical compositions and their corresponding antioxidant activities. The phytochemicals from superfruits are bioaccessible and bioavailable in humans with promising health benefits. More well-designed human explorative studies are needed to validate the health benefits of these superfruits.

Matched MeSH terms: Anthocyanins/analysis
Fulltext CCoAOMT Down-Regulation Activates Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Petunia

Shaipulah NF, Muhlemann JK, Woodworth BD, Van Moerkercke A, Verdonk JC, Ramirez AA, et al.

Plant Physiol, 2016 Feb;170(2):717-31.
PMID: 26620524 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01646

Anthocyanins and volatile phenylpropenes (isoeugenol and eugenol) in petunia (Petunia hybrida) flowers have the precursor 4-coumaryl coenzyme A (CoA) in common. These phenolics are produced at different stages during flower development. Anthocyanins are synthesized during early stages of flower development and sequestered in vacuoles during the lifespan of the flowers. The production of isoeugenol and eugenol starts when flowers open and peaks after anthesis. To elucidate additional biochemical steps toward (iso)eugenol production, we cloned and characterized a caffeoyl-coenzyme A O-methyltransferase (PhCCoAOMT1) from the petals of the fragrant petunia 'Mitchell'. Recombinant PhCCoAOMT1 indeed catalyzed the methylation of caffeoyl-CoA to produce feruloyl CoA. Silencing of PhCCoAOMT1 resulted in a reduction of eugenol production but not of isoeugenol. Unexpectedly, the transgenic plants had purple-colored leaves and pink flowers, despite the fact that cv Mitchell lacks the functional R2R3-MYB master regulator ANTHOCYANIN2 and has normally white flowers. Our results indicate that down-regulation of PhCCoAOMT1 activated the anthocyanin pathway through the R2R3-MYBs PURPLE HAZE (PHZ) and DEEP PURPLE, with predominantly petunidin accumulating. Feeding cv Mitchell flowers with caffeic acid induced PHZ expression, suggesting that the metabolic perturbation of the phenylpropanoid pathway underlies the activation of the anthocyanin pathway. Our results demonstrate a role for PhCCoAOMT1 in phenylpropene production and reveal a link between PhCCoAOMT1 and anthocyanin production.

Matched MeSH terms: Anthocyanins/metabolism*; Anthocyanins/chemistry
Dietary UKMR-1 roselle supplementation prevents nicotine-induced cardiac injury by inhibiting myocardial oxidative stress

Ramalingam A, Siti Balkis Budin, Lim Yc, Lislivia Si Yn, Satirah Zainalabidin

Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1131-1137.

UKMR-1, a local variant of mutant Roselle strain (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is enriched with free radical scavenging polyphenols
such as anthocyanin, vitamin C and hydroxycitric acid. However, pharmacological actions of UKMR-1 are not fully known.
This study was conducted to determine whether supplementation of aqueous UKMR-1 calyx extract was able to protect
against nicotine-induced cardiac injury in rats. In this experimental study, healthy male albino rats were randomly
allotted into three groups (n=7 per group): control, nicotine and UKMR-1+Nicotine groups. Nicotine (0.6 mg/kg, i.p.)
was administered to both nicotine and UKMR-1+Nicotine groups for 28 consecutive days. UKMR-1+Nicotine group also
received 100 mg/kg UKMR-1 extract orally via gavage 30 min prior to nicotine injection, daily. UKMR-1+Nicotine group
had significantly (p<0.05) higher lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, as well as lower malondialdehyde content in
heart tissue homogenate than nicotine group, suggesting its cardio protective activity by inhibition of lipid peroxidation.
UKMR-1 also lowered (p<0.05) the blood pressure in nicotine-administered rats. In addition, UKMR-1 significantly (p<0.05)
restored activities of cytosolic superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase as well as
redox balance ratio (GSH:GSSG). In conclusion, UKMR-1 was a

Matched MeSH terms: Anthocyanins
Fulltext Docking Studies and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ipomoea batatas L. Leaves Compounds as Lipoxygenase (LOX) Inhibitor

Yeni Y, Supandi S, Dwita LP, Suswandari S, Shaharun MS, Sambudi NS

J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 2020 Nov;12(Suppl 2):S836-S840.
PMID: 33828386 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_103_20

Background: Inflammatory mediators produced by cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways are responsible for many human diseases, such as cancer, arthritis, and neurological disorders. Flavonoid-containing plants, such as Ipomoea batatas leaves, have shown potential anti-inflammatory activity.
Objectives: This study aimed to predict the actions of 10 compounds in I. batatas leaves, which are YGM-0a [cyanidin 3-0-sophoroside-5-0-glucosede], YGM-0f [cyanidin 3-O-(2-0-(6-0-(E)-p-coumaroyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside)-5-0-β-D-glucopyranoside], YGM-1a [cyanidin 3-(6,6'-caffeylp-hydroxybenzoylsophoroside) -5-glucoside], YGM-1b [cyanidin 3-(6,6'-dicaffeylsophor-oside)-5-glucoside], YGM-2 [cyanidin 3-(6-caffeylsophoroside)-5-glucoside], YGM-3 [cyanidin 3-(6,6'-caffeyl-ferulylsophoroside)-5-glucoside], YGM-4b [peonidin 3-(6,6'-dicaffeylsophoroside)-5- glucoside], YGM-5a [peonidin 3-(6,6'-caffeylphydroxybenzo-ylsophoroside)-5-gluco-side], YGM-5b [cyanidin 3-6-caffeylsophoroside)-5-glucosede], and YGM-6 [peonidin 3-(6,6'-caffeylferulylsophoroside)-5-glucoside] as LOX inhibitors, and also predict the stability of ligand-LOX complex.
Materials and Methods: The compounds were screened through docking studies using PLANTS. Also, the molecular dynamics simulation was conducted using GROMACS at 310K.
Results: The results showed that the most significant binding affinity toward LOX was shown by YGM-0a and YGM-0a, and the LOX complex in molecular dynamics simulation showed stability for 20 ns.
Conclusion: Based on Docking Studies and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of I. Batatas Leaves compounds, YGM-0a was shown to be the most probable LOX inhibitor.

Matched MeSH terms: Anthocyanins
Fulltext Engineering the production of major catechins by Escherichia coli carrying metabolite genes of Camellia sinensis

Umar KM, Abdulkarim SM, Radu S, Abdul Hamid A, Saari N

ScientificWorldJournal, 2012;2012:529031.
PMID: 22645428 DOI: 10.1100/2012/529031

A mimicked biosynthetic pathway of catechin metabolite genes from C. sinensis, consisting of flavanone 3 hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR), and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LCR), was designed and arranged in two sets of constructs: (a) single promoter in front of F3H and ribosome-binding sequences both in front of DFR and LCR; (b) three different promoters with each in the front of the three genes and ribosome-binding sequences at appropriate positions. Recombinant E. coli BL (DE3) harbouring the constructs were cultivated for 65 h at 26 °C in M9 medium consisting of 40 g/L glucose, 1 mM IPTG, and 3 mM eriodictyol. Compounds produced were extracted in ethyl acetate in alkaline conditions after 1 h at room temperature and identified by HPLC. Two of the four major catechins, namely, (-)-epicatechin (0.01) and (-)-epicatechin gallate (0.36 mg/L), and two other types ((+)-catechin hydrate (0.13 mg/L) and (-)-catechin gallate (0.04 mg/L)) were successfully produced.

Matched MeSH terms: Anthocyanins/metabolism
Fulltext Antioxidative and cardioprotective properties of anthocyanins from defatted dabai extracts

Khoo HE, Azlan A, Nurulhuda MH, Ismail A, Abas F, Hamid M, et al.

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2013;2013:434057.
PMID: 24368926 DOI: 10.1155/2013/434057

This study aimed to determine anthocyanins and their antioxidative and cardioprotective properties in defatted dabai parts. Anthocyanins in crude extracts and extract fractions of defatted dabai peel and pericarp were quantified using UHPLC, while their antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress inhibition ability were evaluated by using DPPH and CUPRAC assays as well as linoleic acid oxidation system, hemoglobin oxidation, and PARP-1 inhibition ELISA. Cardioprotective effect of the defatted dabai peel extract was evaluated using hypercholesterolemic-induced New Zealand white rabbits. Six anthocyanins were detected in the defatted dabai peel, with the highest antioxidant capacities and oxidative stress inhibition effect compared to the other part. The defatted dabai peel extract has also inhibited lipid peroxidation (plasma MDA) and elevated cellular antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx) in the tested animal model. Major anthocyanin (cyanidin-3-glucoside) and other anthocyanins (pelargonidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-arabinoside, and peonidin-3-glucoside) detected in the defatted dabai peel are potential future nutraceuticals with promising medicinal properties.

Matched MeSH terms: Anthocyanins
Fulltext Involvement of nitrogen on flavonoids, glutathione, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activities of Malaysian medicinal plant Labisia pumila Blume (Kacip Fatimah)

Ibrahim MH, Jaafar HZ, Rahmat A, Rahman ZA

Int J Mol Sci, 2012;13(1):393-408.
PMID: 22312260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13010393

A split plot 3 by 4 experiment was designed to characterize the relationship between production of gluthatione (GSH), oxidized gluthatione (GSSG), total flavonoid, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activities (FRAP and DPPH) in three varieties of Labisia pumila Blume, namely the varieties alata, pumila and lanceolata, under four levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg N/ha) for 15 weeks. The treatment effects were solely contributed by nitrogen application; there was neither varietal nor interaction effects observed. As the nitrogen levels decreased from 270 to 0 kg N/ha, the production of GSH and GSSG, anthocyanin, total flavonoid and ascorbic acid increased steadily. At the highest nitrogen treatment level, L. pumila exhibited significantly lower antioxidant activities (DPPH and FRAP) than those exposed to limited nitrogen growing conditions. Significant positive correlation was obtained between antioxidant activities (DPPH and FRAP), total flavonoid, GSH, GSSG, anthocyanin and ascorbic acid suggesting that an increase in the antioxidative activities in L. pumila under low nitrogen fertilization could be attributed to higher contents of these compounds. From this observation, it could be concluded that in order to avoid negative effects on the quality of L. pumila, it is advisable to avoid excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer when cultivating the herb for its medicinal use.

Matched MeSH terms: Anthocyanins/analysis; Anthocyanins/chemistry*
The influence of hydrogen peroxide on the growth, development and quality of wax apple (Syzygium samarangense, [Blume] Merrill & L.M. Perry var. jambu madu) fruits

Khandaker MM, Boyce AN, Osman N

Plant Physiol Biochem, 2012 Apr;53:101-10.
PMID: 22349652 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.01.016

The present study represents the first report of the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) on the growth, development and quality of the wax apple fruit, a widely cultivated fruit tree in South East Asia. The wax apple trees were spray treated with 0, 5, 20 and 50 mM H(2)O(2) under field conditions. Photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, transpiration, chlorophyll and dry matter content of the leaves and total soluble solids and total sugar content of the fruits of wax apple (Syzygium samarangense, var. jambu madu) were significantly increased after treatment with 5 mM H(2)O(2). The application of 20 mM H(2)O(2) significantly reduced bud drop and enhanced fruit growth, resulting in larger fruit size, increased fruit set, fruit number, fruit biomass and yield compared to the control. In addition, the endogenous level of H(2)O(2) in wax apple leaves increased significantly with H(2)O(2) treatments. With regard to fruit quality, 20 mM H(2)O(2) treatment increased the K(+), anthocyanin and carotene contents of the fruits by 65%, 67%, and 41%, respectively. In addition, higher flavonoid, phenol and soluble protein content, sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and antioxidant activities were recorded in the treated fruits. There was a positive correlation between peel colour (hue) and TSS, between net photosynthesis and SPS activity and between phenol and flavonoid content with antioxidant activity in H(2)O(2)-treated fruits. It is concluded that spraying with 5 and 20 mM H(2)O(2) once a week produced better fruit growth, maximising the yield and quality of wax apple fruits under field conditions.

Matched MeSH terms: Anthocyanins/metabolism
Benefit of Asian pigmented rice bioactive compound and its implication in breast cancer: a systematic review

Nafisah W, Nugraha AP, Nugroho A, Sakinah AI, Nusantara DS, Philia J, et al.

F1000Res, 2023;12:371.
PMID: 37854873 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.130329.1

Background: Utilizing the bioactive compounds found in pigmented rice might significantly reduce the risk of breast cancer. This study aims to systematically review existing literature on the benefit of Asian pigmented rice bioactive compounds and their implication in breast cancer. Methods: Searches of the literature were conducted in two databases (Scopus and PubMed) for a systematic review. The keywords resulted in a total of 407 articles, consisting of 103 PubMed and 304 Scopus articles. 32 manuscripts were excluded because the article was over 10 years old. After excluding book chapters and non-English languages, we had 278 potential articles to be reviewed. After checking and screening the title and abstract and eliminating duplicate articles, then 66 articles were obtained. After the selection and elimination of the full-text manuscripts, finally 10 of them which met the inclusion criteria. Result: The included studies in this review were entirely based in Asia. The year of publication ranged from 2013 to 2020. Half of included studies used black rice extract, two used red jasmine rice extracts, and three used Korean rice extracts (black, red, dark purple and brown rice). All studies were conducted in vitro and three studies were compared with in vivo tests on female mice. The pigmented rice is mainly black, red, and dark purple rice, and contains a variety of peonidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, γ-oryzanol, γ-tocotrienol, proanthocyanidin, cinnamic acid, and anthocyanins that may act as pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative, and anti-metastasis of the breast cancer cells. Conclusion: Pigmented rice is a beneficial food which possessed bioactive compounds that may have significant potential concerning a breast cancer.

Matched MeSH terms: Anthocyanins/pharmacology; Anthocyanins/therapeutic use

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