Displaying publications 61 - 80 of 1404 in total

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  1. Fulltext Psidium guajava and Piper betle leaf extracts prolong vase life of cut carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) flowers
    Rahman MM, Ahmad SH, Lgu KS
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2012;2012:102805.
    PMID: 22619568 DOI: 10.1100/2012/102805
    The effect of leaf extracts of Psidium guajava and Piper betle on prolonging vase life of cut carnation flowers was studied. "Carola" and "Pallas Orange" carnation flowers, at bud stage, were pulsed 24 hours with a floral preservative. Then, flowers were placed in a vase solution containing sprite and a "germicide" (leaf extracts of P. guajava and P. betle, 8-HQC, or a copper coin). Flowers treated with 8-HQC, copper coin, and leaf extracts had longer vase life, larger flower diameter, and higher rate of water uptake compared to control (tap water). The leaf extracts of P. guajava and P. betle showed highest antibacterial and antifungal activities compared to the other treatments. Both showed similar effects on flower quality as the synthetic germicide, 8-HQC. Therefore, these extracts are likely natural germicides to prolong vase life of cut flowers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/pharmacology*
  2. Fulltext Herbs in exercise and sports
    Chen CK, Muhamad AS, Ooi FK
    J Physiol Anthropol, 2012;31:4.
    PMID: 22738233 DOI: 10.1186/1880-6805-31-4
    The use of herbs as ergogenic aids in exercise and sport is not novel. Ginseng, caffeine, ma huang (also called 'Chinese ephedra'), ephedrine and a combination of both caffeine and ephedrine are the most popular herbs used in exercise and sports. It is believed that these herbs have an ergogenic effect and thus help to improve physical performance. Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of these herbs on exercise performance. Recently, researchers have also investigated the effects of Eurycoma longifolia Jack on endurance cycling and running performance. These investigators have reported no significant improvement in either cycling or running endurance after supplementation with this herb. As the number of studies in this area is still small, more studies should be conducted to evaluate and substantiate the effects of this herb on sports and exercise performance. For instance, future research on any herbs should take the following factors into consideration: dosage, supplementation period and a larger sample size.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/pharmacology*
  3. Review on pharmacological activities of Cinnamomum subavenium
    Lee CH, Kuo CN, Chen HL, Chen CY
    Nat Prod Res, 2013;27(11):988-91.
    PMID: 22691063 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2012.695369
    This review describes the morphological, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Cinnamomum subavenium (Lauraceae). The plant grows wild in southern Mainland China, Burma, Cambodia, Taiwan, Malaysia and Indonesia. This plant is recorded as having long been used to treat carcinomatous swelling, stomach ache, chest pain, abdominal pain, hernia, diarrhoea, rheumatism, nausea and vomiting. This article enumerates an overview of phytochemical and pharmacological aspects that is useful to researchers for further exploration for the necessary development of this potential herb.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/pharmacology*
  4. Alterations in antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative damage in alcoholic rat tissues: protective role of Thespesia populnea
    Pandanaboina SC, Kondeti SR, Rajbanshi SL, Kunala PN, Pandanaboina S, Pandanaboina MM, et al.
    Food Chem, 2012 May 1;132(1):150-9.
    PMID: 26434274 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.046
    Recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced hepato-renal injury and the development of new approaches to its treatment have been reported in various works. This study involves alcohol-induced oxidative stress linked to the metabolism of ethanol involving both mitochondrial and peroxisomal fractions of liver and kidney. Alcohol treatment resulted in the depletion of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) activities, and reduced glutathione (GSH) content, higher level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lower levels of protein carbonyls (PC) causing malfunction of hepatic and renal tissues, when compared to control rats. Thespesia populnea (TP) leaf extracts, administered to chronic alcohol ingested rats, were envisaged to possess significant antioxidant defence properties and help in the recovery of tissues from alcohol-induced oxidative damage. The results showed that degenerative changes in hepatic and renal cells of alcoholic groups were minimized by the administration of TP leaf extracts as also revealed by histopathological examination. The current findings indicate that treatment with TP extracts reduces alcohol-induced oxidative stress, thereby protecting the hepatic and renal tissue from alcohol-induced damage.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/pharmacology
  5. Fulltext Acaricidal activity of Cymbopogon citratus and Azadirachta indica against house dust mites
    Hanifah AL, Awang SH, Ho TM, Abidin SZ, Omar MH
    Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 2011 Oct;1(5):365-9.
    PMID: 23569794 DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60081-6
    To examine the acaricidal effects of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus leaf extract (lemongrass) and ethanolic Azadirachta indica leaf extract (neem) against house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae (D. farinae) and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D. pteronyssinus).
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/pharmacology*
  6. Antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of fermented Centella asiatica herbal teas
    Ariffin F, Heong Chew S, Bhupinder K, Karim AA, Huda N
    J Sci Food Agric, 2011 Dec;91(15):2731-9.
    PMID: 21987075 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4454
    C. asiatica was exposed to various fermentations: no fermentation (0 min), partial fermentation (120 min) and full fermentation (24 h). Total phenolic content (TPC) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of C. asiatica infusions were studied as a function of water temperature (60, 80 or 100 °C), the brewing stage (one, two or three) and the brewing time (1, 3, 5, 10, 15 or 20 min). The optimum brewing procedure was adopted to study the antioxidant properties and phenolic compounds in C. asiatica infusions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/pharmacology*
  7. Cinnamtannin B1 activity on adipocytes formation
    Taher M, Abdul Majid FA, Sarmidi MR
    Med J Malaysia, 2004 May;59 Suppl B:97-8.
    PMID: 15468836
    In attempt to discover a small active compound that could promote adipogenesis, we investigated the ability of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) extracts to stimulate 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, In this study, we designed an experiment by replacing insulin with cinnamon extracts. The differentiated of 3T3-L1 adipocytes were monitored using oil red O staining method. Induction of adipocyte formation by cinnamtannin B1 or water extract gave the similar effects to insulin activity in adipogenesis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/pharmacology*
  8. Laboratory and field tests of the effectiveness of the lemon-eucalyptus extract, Citridiol, as a repellent against land leeches of the genus Haemadipsa (Haemadipsidae)
    Kirton LG
    Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 2005 Oct;99(7):695-714.
    PMID: 16212803
    Citridiol is an extract of the leaves of Corymbia citriodora (Myrtaceae), the lemon eucalyptus, and mostly consists of p-menthane-3,8-diol isomers. The effectiveness of this extract as a repellent against land leeches of the genus Haemadipsa (Haemadipsidae), primarily H. sylvestris, was tested in the laboratory and field, in Peninsular Malaysia. The formulation tested, Mosi-guard Natural spray, contained 40% (w/w) Citridiol in a base of ethanol, water and isopropanol. In the laboratory test, specimens of H. sylvestris that were placed within moist, untreated arenas enclosed by treated paper rings made numerous attempts to cross the rings but were prevented or delayed from crossing over, in a dose-dependent manner. Mortality was high among the leeches that attempted to cross over the paper rings that had been sprayed to saturation point but low among the leeches that attempted to cross over paper rings that had only been partially treated, with a droplet-spray. The field study was carried out using indices that were formulated to reflect the severity of leech attack and the degree of repellency. Heavy or moderate spraying of footwear and trouser legs (tucked into socks) not only gave complete protection against bites by H. sylvestris and H. picta but also provided high enough repellency to keep the treated footwear virtually free of leeches. Even a light spray greatly reduced the numbers of leeches on footwear and delayed their progression toward biting the test subjects, although it failed to prevent bites completely. There was no decline in the repellency of the Citridiol when hourly assessments were made over a 6-h test period in the field. The results of the study show that Citridiol is highly repellent as well as toxic to leeches, and can be effectively used to prevent leech bites in the field.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/pharmacology*
  9. Fulltext In Vitro Production of Echioidinin, 7-O-Methywogonin from Callus Cultures of Andrographis lineata and Their Cytotoxicity on Cancer Cells
    Mohammed A, Chiruvella KK, Rao YK, Geethangili M, Raghavan SC, Ghanta RG
    PLoS One, 2015;10(10):e0141154.
    PMID: 26488879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141154
    Andrographis lineata is an herbal medicinal plant used in traditional medicine as a substitute for Andrographis paniculata. Here, using mature leaf explants of A. lineata we demonstrate for the first time the callus induction established on MS medium containing 1.0 mg l-1 IAA. Dried callus was subjected to solvent extraction with acetone. Further the acetone residue was separated by silica gel column chromatography, crystallized and characterized on the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance (proton and c13) and liquid chromatographic mass spectroscopy. This analysis revealed the occurrence of two known flavones namely, 7-O-methylwogonin (MW) and Echioidinin (ED). Furthermore, these compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity against leukemic cell line, CEM. We identify that ED and MW induced cytotoxicity in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Further increase in the LDH release upon treatment with ED and MW further confirmed our cytotoxicity results against leukemic cell line. Strikingly, MW was more potent than ED when compared by trypan blue and MTT assays. Our results recapitulate the utility of callus cultures for the production of plant specific bioactive secondary metabolites instead of using wild plants. Together, our in vitro studies provide new insights of A. lineata callus cultures serving as a source for cancer chemotherapeutic agents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/pharmacology*
  10. A Comprehensive Review of the Cosmeceutical Benefits of Vanda Species (Orchidaceae)
    Hadi H, Razali SN, Awadh AI
    Nat Prod Commun, 2015 Aug;10(8):1483-8.
    PMID: 26434147
    Orchidaceae is the largest family of flowering plants with over 35,000 species and 850 genera. About 3300 species of orchids are found in Malaysia and the diversity is highest in the Main, Keledang, Bintang and Tahan Ranges. Apart from being prized for their beauty, orchids have long been used by humans for medicinal purposes. Today the uses of orchids have been expanded to the food and cosmetics industries. Many cosmeceutical companies use orchid extracts as an active ingredient in their products. Previous studies provide riveting insights into the potential uses of orchid extracts as an active agent in cosmetics. This paper describes the cosmeceutical potential of orchids as an anti-aging, and skin moisturizing agent. Orchid extracts from Vanda coerulea and V. teres delay aging caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) following LV irradiation through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. These extracts also show anti-aging properties by stimulating cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV), which is part of the electron transport chain in mitochondria. Stimulation of cytochrome c oxidase improves the respiratory function of mitochondria in keratinocytes. The presence of mucilage in orchids enables them to maintain skin hydration. Mucilage functions as a moisturizer and emollient due to its high water binding capacity. Additionally, orchid extracts provide skin hydration by stimulating aquaporin 3 (AQP3) and LEKTI protein expression. The presence of AQP3 leads to a five-fold increase in water permeability, which subsequently increases stratum corneum hydration. Increased LEKTI protein expression mediated by orchid extracts reduces the degradation of desmoglein-1 and enhances the structural function of desmosomes, which play important roles in preventing water evaporation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/pharmacology
  11. Inhibitory Effects of the Standardized Extract of Phyllanthus amarus on Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Balb/C Mice
    Ilangkovan M, Jantan I, Mesaik MA, Bukhari SN
    Phytother Res, 2016 Aug;30(8):1330-8.
    PMID: 27137750 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5633
    Phyllanthus amarus has been shown to have strong inhibitory effects on phagocytic activity of human neutrophils and on cellular immune responses in Wistar-Kyoto rats. In this study, we investigated the effects of daily treatment of standardized extract of P. amarus at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg for 14 days in Balb/C mice by measuring the myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), nitric oxide (NO) release, macrophage phagocytosis, swelling of footpad in delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), and serum immunoglobulins, ceruloplasmin and lysozyme levels. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the extract using validated reversed-phase HPLC methods identified phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, corilagin and geraniin as the biomarkers. Significant dose-dependent inhibitions of MPO activity and NO release were observed in treated mice. The extract also inhibited E. coli phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophages of treated mice and inhibited the sheep red blood cells (sRBC)-induced swelling rate of mice paw in the DTH. There was also a significant decrease in non-specific humoral immunity including ceruloplasmin and lysozyme levels in the extract-fed groups as well as the release of serum level immunoglobulins. The strong inhibitory effects of the extract on the cellular and humoral immune responses suggest the potential of the plant to be developed as an effective immunosuppressive agent. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/pharmacology
  12. Anti-ulcer activity of the aqueous extract of Melastoma malabathricum L. leaf in rats
    Wan Zainulddin WN, Zabidi Z, Kamisan FH, Yahya F, Ismail NA, Nor Shamsahal Din NS, et al.
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2016 Jan;29(1):35-8.
    PMID: 26826818
    Melastoma malabathricum L. Smith (Melastomaceae) has been used in the Malay traditional culture to treat ulcer-based ailments.The objective of the present study was to investigate the potential anti-ulcer effect of aqueous extract of M. malabathricum leaves (AEMM) using ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer models in rats. Rats were divided into ten groups (n=6) and received DMSO (10%; negative group), ranitidine (100mg/kg; positive group) or AEMM (50, 250 and 500mg/kg) orally for 7 days and on the 8(th) day subjected to the respective gastric ulcer models. The stomachs were collected and subjected to macroscopic and microscopic analysis. At all groups tested, the AEMM exerted significant (p<0.05) anti-ulcer effect only against the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model. The percentage of anti-ulcer for the 50-500mg/kg AEMM ranging between 50-82%, respectively. The macroscopic observations were supported by histological findings. In conclusion, AEMM exhibits potential anti-ulcer activity attributed to its previously proven high flavonoids content and antioxidant activity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/pharmacology*
  13. Effects of Plants and Isolates of Celastraceae Family on Cancer Pathways
    Bukhari SN, Jantan I, Seyed MA
    Anticancer Agents Med Chem, 2015;15(6):681-93.
    PMID: 25783963
    The evaluation of crude drugs of natural origin as sources of new effective anticancer agents continues to be important due to the lack of effective anticancer drugs currently used in practice which are generally accompanied with adverse effects at different levels of severity. The aim of this concise review is to gather existing literature on anticancer potential of extracts and compounds isolated from Celastraceae species. This review covers six genera (Maytenus, Tripterygium, Hippocratea, Gymnosporia, Celastrus and Austroplenckia) belonging to this family and their 33 isolates. Studies carried out by using different cell lines have shown remarkable indication of anticancer activity, however, only a restricted number of studies have been reported using in vivo tumor models. Some of the compounds, such as triptolide, celastrol and demethylzeylasteral from T. wilfordii, have been extensively studied on their mechanisms of action due to their potent activity on various cancer cell lines. Such promising lead compounds should generate considerable interest among scientists to improve their therapeutic potential with fewer side effects by molecular modification.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/pharmacology*
  14. Fulltext Pharmacological evaluation of aqueous root extract of Selayak Hitam: lack of oxytocic activity
    Gan EK, Abdul Razak D, Mohamad M, Lajis R, Tan KC, Sam TW
    Med J Malaysia, 1984 Mar;39(1):42-7.
    PMID: 6513839
    Aqueous root extract of Selayak Hitam a plant commonly found in Malaysian jungles and reported to have abortifacient property was screened for oxytocic effect. Results obtained from in vitro experiments on isolated uterus preparation from both pregnant and non pregnant rats and in vivo experiments on uterus contraction in rats in situ, showed that the extract lacks oxytocic effect. It is concluded that the alleged abortifacient property if any, is not mediated through oxytocin or oxytocic-like effect.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/pharmacology*
  15. Fulltext Experiments with banana trunk juice as a neuromuscular blocker
    Lee SK, Ng LL, Lee SI
    Med J Malaysia, 1980 Jun;34(4):423-5.
    PMID: 7219276
    The juice of the banana trunk produces a nondepolarising neuromuscular block. Oxygenation of
    the extract enhances its potency. Reversal with anticholinesterase is transient. Partial reversals in isolated preparations indicate there could be both specific and non-specific binding which could account for blockade after washing. It could be specifically bound to ACh receptors in an irreversible way. Its action appears similar to that of alpha-BuTX from the venom of the banded krait. Purification of the extract and subsequent investigations will support present findings and present the characteristics fully.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/pharmacology*
  16. Fulltext In Vitro Anti-Leptospiral Activity of Phyllanthus amarus Extracts and Their Combinations with Antibiotics
    Ismail CAM, Deris ZZ, Bakar RA, Ismail N
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021 03 10;18(6).
    PMID: 33802184 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18062834
    Despite modern medicine, there is an increasing trend for cases of the bacterial infection leptospirosis, and this has led to the exploration of alternative medicines from various sources including plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro anti-leptospiral activity of Phyllanthus amarus extracts alone and combined with penicillin G, ceftriaxone, and doxycycline. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the microdilution broth technique upon methanol extract (ME), aqueous extract (AE), and antibiotics against the Leptospira interrogans serovars Australis, Bataviae, Canicola, and Javanica, to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs). The results were analyzed using an ELISA microplate reader combined with microscopic analysis. Synergy testing using a checkerboard assay was performed to determine the fractional inhibitory concentration index values of extracts combined with antibiotics against leptospires. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate morphological changes of leptospires caused by potential anti-leptospiral agents alone and combined with antibiotics. The MICs and MBCs for P. amarus extracts ranged from 100 to 400 µg/mL for AEs and from 400 to 800 µg/mL for MEs. Penicillin G was the most effective anti-leptospiral drug, with MICs and MBCs ranging from <0.01 to 0.78 and <0.01 to 3.13 µg/mL, respectively, followed by ceftriaxone, with both MICs and MBCs ranging from 0.05 to 0.78 µg/mL, and doxycycline, with MICs and MBCs ranging from 0.39 to 3.13 µg/mL and 12.5 to 25 µg/mL, respectively. Combinations of P. amarus extracts and antibiotics did not show synergistic effects on all tested Leptospira serovars, with some combinations demonstrating antagonistic effects. SEM analysis, however, showed distorted Leptospira surfaces. P. amarus AE performed better anti-leptospiral activity than P. amarus ME. The morphological effects of P. amarus extract alone and its combination with antibiotic on Leptospira cells revealed promising anti-leptospiral properties.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/pharmacology
  17. Modulation of metabolic alterations of obese diabetic rats upon treatment with Salacca zalacca fruits extract using 1H NMR-based metabolomics
    Saleh MSM, Siddiqui MJ, Mediani A, Ahmed QU, Mat So'ad SZ, Saidi-Besbes S, et al.
    Food Res Int, 2020 11;137:109547.
    PMID: 33233172 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109547
    Fruit of salak (Salacca zalacca) is traditionally used and commercialized as an antidiabetic agent. However, the scientific evidence to prove this traditional use is lacking. This research was aimed to evaluate the metabolic changes of obese-diabetic (OBDC) rats treated with S. zalacca fruit extract using proton-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR)-based metabolomics approach. This research presents the first report on the in vitro antidiabetic effect of S. zalacca fruits extract using this approach. The obtained results indicated that the administration of 400 mg/kg bw of 60% ethanolic S. zalacca extract for 6 weeks significantly decreased the blood glucose level and normalized the blood lipid profile of the OBDC rats. The potential biomarkers in urine were 2-oxoglutarate, alanine, leucine, succinate 3-hydroxybutyrate, taurine, betaine, allantoin, acetate, dimethylamine, creatine, creatinine, glucose, phenyl-acetylglycine, and hippurate. Based on the data obtained, the 60% ethanolic extract could not fully improved the metabolic complications of diabetic rats. The extract of S. zalacca fruit was able to decrease the ketones bodies as 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate. It also improved energy metabolism, involving glucose, acetate, lactate, 2-hydroxybutyrate, 2-oxoglutarate, citrate, and succinate. Moreover, it decreased metabolites from gut microflora, including choline. This extract had significant effect on amino acid metabolism, metabolites from gut microflora, bile acid metabolism and creatine. The result can further support the traditional claims of S. zalacca fruits in management of diabetes. This finding might be valuable in understanding the molecular mechanism and pharmacological properties of this medicinal plant for managing diabetes mellitus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/pharmacology
  18. Fulltext Antifungal efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf and seed extracts against Botrytis cinerea causing gray mold disease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
    Ahmadu T, Ahmad K, Ismail SI, Rashed O, Asib N, Omar D
    Braz J Biol, 2020 11 12;81(4):1007-1022.
    PMID: 33175006 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.233173
    Drawbacks associated with the use of chemical fungicides to control plant pathogenic fungi such as Botrytis cinerea stimulate the need for alternatives. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine the antifungal potentials of Moringa oleifera extracts against B. cinerea. Phytochemical analysis using qualitative chemical tests revealed the presence of huge amount of crucial phytochemicals compounds like phenolic compounds, alkaloids and saponins in the M. oleifera leaf extract. Antifungal bioassay of the crude extracts indicated better mycelial growth inhibition by methanol leaf extract (99%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 5 mg/ml with 100% spore germination inhibition and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was 10 mg/ml with 98.10% mycelial growth inhibition using broth micro dilution and poisoned food techniques. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis led to the identification of 67 volatile chemical compounds in the leaf extract with 6-decenoic acid (Z)- (19.87%) was the predominant compound. Further chemical elucidation of the crude extracts performed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) showed the presence of non-volatile chemical compounds, mostly flavones, flavonoids and phenolic acids (i.e. quercetin and kaempferol). Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis showed positive effect of M. oleifera leaf extract on the treated conidia and mycelium of B. cinerea. Findings revealed that irreversible surface and ultra-structural changes with severe detrimental effects on conidia and mycelium morphology compared to control treatment. Overall findings suggested that M. oleifera leaf extract is a promising candidate for biological control of fungal pathogens, thus limiting overdependence on chemical fungicides.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/pharmacology
  19. Antibacterial activity of Citrus hystrix toward Salmonella spp. infection
    Ulhaq ZS, Hendyatama TH, Hameed F, Santosaningsih D
    Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 2020 07 04;39(6):283-286.
    PMID: 32636040 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2020.05.016
    INTRODUCTION: Citrus hystrix is widely used by Indonesians as a traditional medicine for gastrointestinal diseases, including Salmonella spp. infection. We investigated the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic peel extract of C. hystrix against Salmonella typhimurium.

    METHODS: The antibacterial activity was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was determined at a concentration of 0.625% by agar dilution assay. Later, the in vivo antibacterial activity was examined by the administration of 16mg of the extract daily for three consecutive days in a mouse model infected with S. typhimurium.

    RESULTS: The bacterial loads of S. typhimurium in the ileum, liver, and spleen decreased after 24h of administration of the extract (p=0.00008, p=0.00084, and p=0.00003, respectively).

    CONCLUSION: The ethanolic peel extract of C. hystrix shows antibacterial activity against S. typhimurium, indicating the potential of C. hystrix as an effective treatment for Salmonella spp. infection.

    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/pharmacology*
  20. Citrus hystrix leaf extract attenuated diabetic-cataract in STZ-rats
    Umran NSS, Mohamed S, Lau SF, Mohd Ishak NI
    J Food Biochem, 2020 08;44(8):e13258.
    PMID: 32539198 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13258
    Diabetic cataract causes severe vision loss. This study evaluated the effects of hesperidin-standardized Citrus hystrix leaf flavonoids-rich extract (CLE) on diabetic-cataract development. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were orally given 150 and 300 mg CLE/kg body-weight. These were compared with non-treated diabetic or healthy rats as controls, over 8 weeks. The CLE gradually attenuated fasting blood glucose (FBG), biomarkers for inflammation (Tumor necrosis factor alpha TNF-α; prostaglandin E2 PGE2); vascular permeability, (Vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF); and oxidative stress, (malondialdehyde MDA). The diabetic cataract was significantly mitigated by the 150 mg CLE/kg dose. Good correlations were found between cataract incidence with FBG (r2  = 0.90), serum PGE2 (r2  = 0.91), MDA (r2  = 0.99), VEGF (r2  = 0.71), but not with TNF-α levels (r2  = 0.49) suggesting the serum FBG, PGE2, MDA, and possibly the VEGF levels may help to predict the cataract risks. The CLE mitigated cataract probably by attenuating hyperglycaemia, inflammation, lens fluid influx, vascular leakage, lens osmotic-imbalance, and fibers over-hydration. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The study shows the flavonoids-rich Citrus hystrix leaf consumption, effectively attenuated diabetes (fasting blood glucose) and mitigated diabetic cataract. It help reduce diabetes-related hyperglycaemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular leakage. The evidences were the CLE consumptions reduced the serum biomarkers tumor necrosis factor-alpha TNF-α; prostaglandin E2 PGE2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and malondialdehyde (MDA). The C. hystrix leaf contains hesperidin, apiin, diosmin, saponarin, apigetrin, rutin and xanthotoxol, and other flavonoid glucosides. The study also showed good correlations between cataract incidence with fasting blood glucose FBG (r2  = 0.90), serum PGE2 (r2  = 0.91), and MDA (r2  = 0.99), and less closely with VEGF (r2  = 0.71) suggesting these serum biomarkers may help predict cataract risks. The CLE indicated cataract mitigation properties probably by attenuating FBG, inflammation, lens fluid influx, lens osmotic-imbalance, and fibers over-hydration.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/pharmacology
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